ASTM(美国材料与实验) 标准 G158 Standard Guide for Three Methods of Assessing Buried Steel Tanks

DevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecommendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.

Designation:G158−98(Reapproved2016)

StandardGuidefor

ThreeMethodsofAssessingBuriedSteelTanks1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG158;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.

INTRODUCTION

Thepurposeofthisguideistoprovidethreemethodsofinspectingandassessingburiedsteeltank(s)forcorrosiondamageanddeterminingthesuitabilityofthesetankspriortoapplicationofcathodicprotection.

1.Scope

1.1Thisguidecoversprocedurestobeimplementedpriortotheapplicationofcathodicprotectionforevaluatingthesuit-abilityofatankforupgradingbycathodicprotectionalone.1.2ThreeproceduresaredescribedandidentifiedasMeth-odsA,B,andC.

1.2.1MethodA—Noninvasivewithprimaryemphasisonstatisticalandelectrochemicalanalysisofexternalsiteenvi-ronmentcorrosiondata.

1.2.2MethodB—Invasiveultrasonicthicknesstestingwithexternalcorrosionevaluation.

1.2.3MethodC—Invasivepermanentlyrecordedvisualin-spectionandevaluationincludingexternalcorrosionassess-ment.

1.3Thisguidepresentsthemethodologyandtheproceduresutilizingsiteandtankspecificdatafordeterminingatank’sconditionandthesuitabilityforsuchtankstobeupgradedwithcathodicprotection.

1.4Thetank’sconditionshallbeassessedusingMethodA,B,orC.Priortoassessingthetank,apreliminarysitesurveyshallbeperformedpursuanttoSection8andthetankshallbetightnesstestedpursuantto5.2toestablishthatthetankisnotleaking.

1.5Whilethisguideprovidesminimumproceduresforassessingatank’scondition,thisguidedoesnotprovideminimuminstallationproceduresorrequirementsforupgradesofthetankbycathodicprotection.

1.6Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.ThevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoSIunitsthatareprovidedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.

1.7Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.2.ReferencedDocuments

2.1Themostrecentversionofthefollowingdocumentsshouldbeconsultedasreferencesbythoseusingthisguide:2.2ASTMStandards:2D2216TestMethodsforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater(Moisture)ContentofSoilandRockbyMass

E114PracticeforUltrasonicPulse-EchoStraight-BeamContactTesting

E797PracticeforMeasuringThicknessbyManualUltra-sonicPulse-EchoContactMethod

E1323GuideforEvaluatingLaboratoryMeasurementPrac-ticesandtheStatisticalAnalysisoftheResultingDataE1526PracticeforEvaluatingthePerformanceofReleaseDetectionSystemsforUndergroundStorageTankSys-tems(Withdrawn2002)3G51TestMethodforMeasuringpHofSoilforUseinCorrosionTesting

G57TestMethodforFieldMeasurementofSoilResistivityUsingtheWennerFour-ElectrodeMethod

ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.3Thelastapprovedversionofthishistoricalstandardisreferencedonwww.astm.org.

2ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeG01onCorrosionofMetalsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeG01.10onCorrosioninSoils.

CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2016.PublishedMay2016.Originallyapprovedin1998.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2010asG158–98(2010).DOI:10.1520/G0158-98R16.

1Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStates

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3.1.5invasiveprocedure—amethodofdeterminingthecorrosionstatusofatankbyassessingthetankfromtheinsideaspartoftheupgradeprocedure.Further,forthepurposesofthisguide,itdoesnotrequiremannedentryintothetank.(Seenon-invasive.)

3.1.6limitations—Theuserofthisguideisencouragedtoreviewanyavailablethirdpartyverificationinformationpro-videdaspartofthevendorselectionprocess.

3.1.7noninvasiveprocedure—amethodofdeterminingthecorrosionstatusofatankfromthecharacteristicsofitssurroundingswithminimalentryintothetank.Further,forthepurposesofthisguide,itdoesnotrequiremannedentryintothetank.(Seeinvasive.)

3.1.8pH—thenumericalvalueofthenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentrationinmolesperlitreinanelectrolyte.

3.1.9redoxpotential—potentialofplatinizedplatinumelec-trodeinaredoxenvironment(reversiblesystem).Thevalueofredoxpotentialdependsonwhetherthesystemisintheoxidized,partiallyoxidized,partiallyreduced,orreducedstate.3.1.10tanktightnesstest—amethodcapableofdetectinga0.1gal/hleakrate,whileaccountingforanyapplicableeffectsofthermalexpansionorcontractionoftheproduct,ofvaporpockets,oftankdeformation,ofevaporationorcondensation,andofthelocationofthewatertable.Themethodmustbecapableofdetectinga0.1gal/hleakratewithaprobabilityofdetectionofatleast0.95andaprobabilityoffalsealarmofatmost0.05orinaccordancewithNFPA329.

3.1.11unconditionalprobabilityofcorrosionfailure—theprobabilityofcorrosionfailurewhichincludesadeterminationofwhetherlocalized,pitting,orgeneralcorrosionisoccurring.3.1.12undergroundstoragetank(UST)—anyoneorcom-binationoftanks(includingconnectedundergroundpiping),thevolumeofwhichis10%ormorebeneaththesurfaceoftheground.

3.1.13upgrade—theadditiontoorretrofitofUSTsystemsusingapproachesincluding,butnotlimitedto,cathodicpro-tectiontoimprovetheabilityofaUSTsystemtopreventarelease.

3.1.14UST—seeundergroundstoragetank(see3.1.12).3.1.15vendorprovidedinformation—TheuserisreferredtoAnnexA1foraspecificformandformatofinformationwhichmustbeprovidedbyavendor.Thisinformationconsistsofhistoricperformancedataonamethodandismandatedaspartoftheguide.

4.SignificanceandUse

4.1Thisguideprovidesthreemethodsfordeterminingthesuitabilityofaburiedsteeltanktobeupgradedwithcathodicprotection.

4.2ThisguidemaybeusedtoassessanyUST,includingnon-regulatedUSTs.

4.3Thisguideprovidesthreealternativemethodsbutdoesnotrecommendanyspecificmethodorapplication.Theresponsibilityforselectionofamethodrestswiththeuser.

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2.3ASNTStandard:4ASNTSNT-TC-1APersonnelQualificationandCertifica-tioninNondestructiveTesting2.4NACEInternationalStandards:5RP-0169StandardRecommendedPractice-ControlonEx-ternalCorrosiononUndergroundorSubmergedMetallicPipingSystems

RP-0187StandardRecommendedPractice-DesignConsid-erationsforCorrosionControlofReinforcingSteelinConcrete

RP-0285StandardRecommendedPractice-CorrosionCon-trolofUndergroundStorageTankSystemsbyCathodicProtection

2.5EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyMethods:6EPASW846TestMethodsforEvaluatingSolidWasteEPA371.1MeasurementofSulfateReducingBacteria2.6NationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)7NFPA329RecommendedPracticeforHandlingUnder-groundReleasesofFlammableandCombustibleLiquids2.7UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.8UL58SteelUndergroundTanksforFlammableandCom-bustibleLiquids3.Terminology

3.1DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:

3.1.1buried—tobeplacedinthegroundandcoveredwithearth.

3.1.2cathodicprotection—anappliedtechniquetopreventfurthercorrosionofametalsurfacebymakingthatsurfacethecathodeofanelectrochemicalcell.Forexample,atanksystemcanbecathodicallyprotectedthroughtheapplicationofeithergalvanicanodesorimpressedcurrent.

3.1.3corrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist—acompetentpersonwhobyreasonofknowledgeofthephysicalsciencesandtheprinciplesofengineeringandmathematics,acquiredbyeducationandrelatedpracticalexperience,isqualifiedtoengageinthepracticeofcorrosioncontrolonburiedorsubmergedmetallicpipingsystemsandmetallictanks.SuchpersonsshallberegisteredprofessionalengineersorpersonsrecognizedascorrosionspecialistsorcathodicprotectionspecialistsbyNACE,iftheirprofessionalactivitiesincludesuitableexperiencesinexternalcorrosioncontrolonburiedorsubmergedmetallicpipingandtanks.

3.1.4corrosiontechnician—apersonpossessingbasicknowledgeofcorrosionandcorrosioncontrol,whoiscapableofperformingroutine,welldefinedworkunderthesupervisionofthecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.

AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box28518,1711ArlingateLn.,Columbus,OH43228-0518.5AvailablefromNationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineers(NACE),1440SouthCreekDr.,Houston,TX77084-4906.6AvailablefromUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofUndergroundStorageTanks,401“M”St.SW,Washington,DC20460.7AvailablefromUnderwritersLaboratories(UL),CorporateProgress,333PfingstenRd.,Northbrook,IL60062.8AvailablefromNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA),1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02269-9101.

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8.1.2.7Namesofsitecontactpersonnel,8.1.2.8Backfillmaterial,8.1.2.9Coatingsandlinings,8.1.2.10Leakhistory,8.1.2.11Repairhistory,8.1.2.12Siteplans,

8.1.2.13Installationspecifications,8.1.2.14Tankexcavationliners,and8.1.2.15As-builtdrawings.

8.1.3InformationNotintheImmediateVicinityoftheTanks—Thepresenceofthefollowingitems,thatareexternaltothetankarea,shallbeinvestigatedandincludedasappro-priatetothemethodofassessmentofthesuitabilityoftanksforupgradingwithcathodicprotection:8.1.3.1Straydccurrentsources,

8.1.3.2Existingcathodicprotectionsystems,

8.1.3.3Steelproductandventpipingandfittings,and8.1.3.4Adjacentsubsurfacemetallic/steel-reinforcedcon-cretestructures.

8.2PreliminaryEvaluation—Priortoassessingthetank,apreliminarysitesurveymustbeperformedpursuanttoSection8andatightnesstestmustbeperformedpursuantto5.2toestablishthatthetankisnotleaking.

9.MethodA—NoninvasivewithPrimaryEmphasisonStatisticalandElectrochemicalAnalysisofExternalSiteEnvironmentCorrosionData(1,2)9.1FieldandLaboratoryTesting—NoninvasivewithPri-maryEmphasisonStatisticalandElectrochemicalAnalysisofExternalSiteEnvironmentCorrosionData.

9.1.1Testsshallbeconductedby,orasdirectedbyacorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.

9.1.2FieldTestingProcedures—Teststobeperformedshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:

9.1.2.1StrayCurrents—Performteststodetectthepresenceofstraycurrentsateachtanksite.Thistestshallconsistofmeasuringstructure-to-soilpotentialsatrightanglesataminimumoftwolocationswithinthetankfacilitiesandobservingthemeasurementsfornotlessthan2hatatimewhensuchinfluencesaremostlikelytooccur.Themonitorshallconsistofafielddataacquisitionunit,withaminimumof10-MΩinputimpedance,usedinconjunctionwithastablereferencecell(s)placedincontactwiththesoilinthevicinityofthetank.Theinstrumentshallmeasureandstorestructure-to-electrolytepotential(voltage)dataatleastevery5sthrough-outtheentiredurationoffieldinvestigationatthesiteorfor2h,whicheverisgreater.Ifvariationsof650mVorgreateraremeasuredduringthetestperiod,make24-hrecordingmeasure-mentstoconfirmstraycurrenteffects.9.1.2.2TankInformation:

(a)Locatealltanksandconfirmmaterialsofconstruction,age,capacity,anddimensions.ProducedetailedsitesketchesdescribingthelayoutoftheUSTsystemandabovegradepertinentdetailsforeachsite.

(b)Determinethepresenceandextentofinternalcorrosionimmediatelybelowthefillriser.Ifthedepthofcorrosion

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4.4Thisguidehasspecificrequirementsforvendorpro-videdinformationwhichshouldberequestedandreviewedbytheuser.

5.Permits,PlansandTankLeakTesting

5.1Priortoengaginginanyactivitiesrelatingtothealteration,repair,orupgradeofanyUSTsystem,consultallnecessaryauthoritiestoobtainanyrequiredpermits.5.2TankLeakTesting:

5.2.1Toestablishthattanksarenotleakingpriortoassessment,theyshallbeassessedbyaleakdetectionsystem.Thisleakdetectionassessmentaloneisnotsufficienttodeterminethatatankissuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionunderthisguide.

5.2.2AtightnesstestoranotherreleasedetectionsysteminaccordancewithNFPA329shallbeused.Anyreleasedetectionmustbecapableofdetectingaleakfromanyportionofthetankthatroutinelycontainsproduct,andbeindependentlyevaluatedandcertifiedinaccordancewithPracticeE1526ortheequivalent.Leakdetectionresultsshallbeprovidedtothecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.

5.2.3Thistestingshallbeaccomplishedwithinsixmonthspriortoperforminganyoftheassessmentprocedures.6.RequiredApprovalsandCertifications

6.1Thecorrosionassessmentworkcarriedoutunderthisguideshallbeperformedundertheresponsibledirectionofacorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistasdefinedin3.1.3.

6.2Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallcertifytothetankowneroroperatorthatthepersonnelperformingtheassessmentworkonthetankareknowledgeableofalltheapplicableproceduresinthisguide.

6.3Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallcertifytothetankowneroroperatorthatallworkwasperformedinstrictaccordancewiththisguide.7.GeneralSafetyRequirements

7.1Allpersonnelshallcomplywithapplicablefederal,state,andlocalhealthandsafetycodesandregulations.8.PreliminarySiteSurvey

8.1Acorrosiontechnician,undertheresponsibledirectionofthecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist,shallobtaintanksitespecificinformationasappropriatetothemethodofassessmenttobeused.8.1.1FacilityInformation:

8.1.1.1Addressorlocation,and

8.1.1.2Nameandtelephonenumberofownerandoperatorcontactpersonnel.

8.1.2TankandPipingDetails:8.1.2.1Numberandcapacity,8.1.2.2Locationanddimensions,8.1.2.3Age,

8.1.2.4Materialofconstruction,8.1.2.5Electricalisolation,8.1.2.6Typeofproductstored,

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9.1.4.3Anyothertestsrequiredbytheexternalcorrosionrateanalysismodel.

9.1.5QualityControl—Onesoilsampleofeverytensamplesanalyzedshallbesubjectedtoanindependentqualitycontrolanalysisofalldatagatheredin9.1.3.Iftheresultsofthequalitycontrolanalysisfailtoagreewiththeoriginalanalysis(withinlimitsofexperimentalaccuracy),reanalyzeallsamplescollectedsincethelastsuccessfulqualitycontrolanalysis.

9.2AnalysisandDeterminationofSuitabilityofaTankforUpgradingwithCathodicProtection-NoninvasivewithPri-maryEmphasisonStatisticalAnalysisofExternalSiteEnvi-ronmentCorrosionData.

9.2.1BasisforAnalysis—Byexaminingtheenvironmentinthespecificvicinityofthetank,arelationshipbetweentheaggressivenessoftheenvironmentandtherateofcorrosioncanbestatisticallyestablished.Basethestatisticalanalysismodelusedonasufficientsizedatabasewithvariousfactorsthatareaccountedforstatisticallytoreachaconfidencelevelof0.99.Thiswillachieveconsistencyandreliabilityoftheresults.Onegeneralformofthemultivariate,non-linearregressionanalysis,whichcontainstheminimumessentialvariables,isasfollows:

E~Age!5f~R,M,Cl,pH,S,SC,TS,P!(1)

penetrationinthetankshellexceeds50%ofthetankwallthickness,theUSTshallbedeclaredtohavefailedthetestandtheprocedure.

(c)Determineifthetanksandpipingareelectricallycontinuous.

9.1.2.3BoreHoleTests:

(a)Determinelocationsforsoilboringsinthefield.Maketwotestholesforeachtankexcavationzonewithfourorfewertanks.Fortankexcavationzoneswithmorethanfourtanks,makeoneadditionalboreholeforeachtwoadditionaltanks,orpartthereof.Makethetankboreholesatoppositediagonalendsofthetankexcavationzone.Thetankexcavationzoneshallbeconsideredtoextendnofartherthan4ftfromthenearesttank.Completetheholestothebottomofthedeepesttank.

(b)Ineachtankborehole,recordmeasurementsastheboringprogresses.At2-ft(0.6-m)intervals,makethefollow-ingtests:

(1)MeasurethesoilresistivityusingtheWennerfourpinmethodinaccordancewithTestMethodsG57.

(2)Makestructure-to-soilpotentialmeasurementsineachboreholeusingaminimum10-MΩinputimpedancedigitalvoltmeterandacalibratedcopper-coppersulfatereferenceelectrodesensingtipindirectcontactwiththesoilintheborehole.

(c)Measurethedepthofobserved,perched,orstaticwatertableineachborehole,ifencountered.

(d)Inaccordancewithindustrypractices,gatheronesoilsampleeachatthetop,middepth,andbottomofeachholeusingeitherasplitspoonorcoresamplingtubeandplace,seal,andpreservethesoilsamplesincontainersforlaboratoryanalysis.

(e)Backfilleachholeandsealwithaconcreteorasphaltplug.

9.1.2.4OtherFieldConsiderations—Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistmayalsoconsider,butnotbelimitedto,performingandevaluatingthefollowingtests:

(a)Currentrequirement,(b)Coatingresistance,and(c)Coatingefficiency.

9.1.3LaboratoryTestingProcedures—SendsoilsamplescollectedateachsitetoaqualifiedsoillaboratorywheretheyshallbetestedinaccordancewithEPASW846GuideE1323,orotherrecognizedindustrytestmethods.Thereportshallincludetheresultsofalltestmethodsusedintheevaluation.Ataminimum,obtainthefollowingdata:9.1.3.1Soilresistivity/conductivity,9.1.3.2Moisturecontent,9.1.3.3SoilpH,

9.1.3.4Solublechlorideionconcentration,and9.1.3.5Sulfideionconcentration.

9.1.4Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallalsoconsider,butnotbelimitedto,performingandevaluatingthefollowingtests.Thereportshallincludealltestmethodsusedintheevaluation:9.1.4.1Redoxpotential,and9.1.4.2Sulfateionconcentration.

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where:E(Age)RMClpHSSCTSP

=========unconditionalpredictedagetocorrosionfailure,resistivity,

moisturecontent,

chlorideionconcentration,soilpH,

sulfideionconcentration,straycurrentmagnitude,tanksize,and

tankstructuretosoilpotential.

9.2.2CriteriaofAcceptanceforUpgradingWithCathodicProtection(usingRP-0169,RP-0187,andRP-0285)—Tobeacceptableasameansofdeterminingtheconditionoftanksandtheirsuitabilityforupgradingwithcathodicprotection,theprocedureusedshall,ataminimum,meetthefollowingcriteria:

9.2.2.1Theprocedureshallbebasedonanevaluationofalldatagatheredinsituineachboreholetogetherwithallsoilsampledataandthestraydcearthcurrentmonitormeasure-mentstakenateachsite.

9.2.2.2Themathematicalformulationoftheprocedureshallconformtoacceptedphysicalandelectrochemicalcharacteris-ticsofthetankcorrosionprocess.Independentprofessionalvalidationoftheseprocessesshallbedonebyanindividualorindividualswithexperienceintherelevantscientificorengi-neeringdisciplines.

9.2.2.3Parameterestimatesshallbebasedondataderivedfromatleast100siteswhereaminimumof200tankswereexcavated,fullyexposed,andevaluatedbyaqualifiedcorro-sionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.Maximumlikeli-hoodestimationoranotherprocedurethatmeetsthestandardsofstatisticalorelectrochemicaladmissibilityshallberequired.

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specifictestsshallbeconductedforeachtankexcavationzoneinaccordancewithindustryrecognizedstandardpractices:10.1.3.1Performthetestsdescribedin9.1.2.1.

10.1.3.2SoilresistivityinaccordancewithTestMethodsG57.Thesevaluesshallbemeasuredintheimmediatevicinityofthetankexcavationzoneandshall,asaminimum,bemeasuredatdepthsof5,71⁄2,10,121⁄2,and15ft(1.5,2.3,3.5,and5m).

10.1.3.3StructuretosoilpotentialinaccordancewithNACERP-0285withatleastfivesuchmeasurementsspaceduniformlyabouteachtankexcavationzone.

10.1.3.4SoilpHinaccordancewithTestMethodsG51,soilchloridesandsulfidesinaccordancewithEPASW846uniformlygatheredfromthreelocationsabouteachtankexcavationzone.

10.1.3.5Electricalcontinuity/isolationinaccordancewithNACERP-0285ofeachUSTbeingevaluated.

10.1.4Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecial-istshouldalsoconsider,butnotbelimitedto,performingandevaluatingthefollowingtests:10.1.4.1Redoxpotential,10.1.4.2Currentrequirement,10.1.4.3Coatingresistance,10.1.4.4Coatingefficiency,10.1.4.5Wallthickness.

10.1.4.6Solublechlorideionconcentration,10.1.4.7Sulfideionconcentration,10.1.4.8Sulfateionconcentration,and10.1.4.9Anyothertestsdeemednecessary.

10.2InvasiveUltrasonicThicknessTestingwithExternalCorrosionEvaluation:

10.2.1Thissubsectionprovidesthegeneralprocedureforassessingtankspriortoupgradingwithcathodicprotectionthroughtheuseofinvasiveultrasonicthicknesstestingincombinationwiththeleakdetectiontestinginaccordancewith5.2andexternalcorrosionevaluationprocedurescontainedin10.1.Thisproceduremaybeconductedusingeithermanuallymanipulatedorcomputercontrolledremotecontrolled(ro-botic)ultrasonicsensorplacement,controlandmeasurementdeviceswhichdonotrequiremannedentryintotheUST.10.2.2Certification—Corrosiontechniciansperformingin-vasiveultrasonicthicknesstestingshallalsobecertifiedinaccordancewithASNTrecommendedpracticeSNT-TC-1Aandqualifiedundersimilarwrittenpracticewiththeequipmentandprocedurestobeemployed.

10.2.3SurfacePreparation—InaccordancewithPracticeE114,theinteriorsurfaceofthetanktobeexaminedshallbeuniformandfreeofloosescale,loosepaint,dirt,orotherdepositsthataffectexamination.Ifanysuchloosescale,loosepaint,dirt,orotherdepositsexistwhichwouldpreventaccurateultrasonicthicknessmeasurementoftheremainingsteelwall,theyshallberemovedpriortoperformingthesemeasurements.Tightlyadheringpaint,scale,orbondedcoatingsdonotneedtoberemovediftheypresentuniformattenuationcharacteristics.10.2.4Calibration—CalibratethethicknessmeasurementsensorinaccordancewithPracticeE797.

10.2.5Couplant—Anycouplantusedshallbethestoredproductoramaterialcompatiblewiththestoredproductand

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Datausedinestimationshallcontainrepresentativesamplesofleakingandnon-leakingtanks.

9.2.2.4Modelsproposedshallbespecificastosoiltypeandincorporatedepthofgroundwaterandrainfallexperiencedintheimmediategeographicalareawheretestingtakesplace.9.2.2.5Thestandarddeviationofthepredictedtimetocorrosionfailureshallnotexceed1.5years.Themodelshallgenerateanunconditionalprobabilityofcorrosionfailurebaseduponacomparisonofactualtankagetoitsexpectedleak-freelife.

9.2.3ReportIncludingResults,Analysis,andRecommendations—Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotec-tionspecialistshallprepareareportincludingresults,analysis,andrecommendationsasfollows:

9.2.3.1Basethereportconclusionsontheexpectedleak-freelifeofatankataspecificsiteasdeterminedbytheanalysisofthedatanecessarytodeterminewhichtanksaresuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotection.

9.2.3.2Thereportshallprovidetheexpectedleak-freelifeandpresentandfutureprobabilitiesofcorrosionfailureforalltanksinvestigated.

9.2.3.3Thereportshallincludealistingoftankswhoseageislessthantheexpectedleak-freelifeandforthosetankswheretheprobabilityofcorrosionperforationislessthan0.05.9.3CathodicprotectioncanbeappliedtothosetanksthathavebeentestedinaccordancewithSections8and9andmeetthefollowingcriteria:

9.3.1Thetankisconfirmedtobeleakfreeinaccordancewith5.2.

9.3.2Thetankageislessthantheexpectedleak-freelife.9.3.3Theprobabilityofcorrosionperforationofthetankislessthan0.05.

9.3.4Eitheratanktightnesstestisconductedbetweenthreeandsixmonthsafterthetankiscathodicallyprotected,ormonthlymonitoringwithanotherleakdetectionsystemisimplementedwithinonemonthaftertheadditionofcathodicprotection.Anyleakdetectionsystemmustmeet5.2.2.9.4AformisincludedinAnnexA1whichmustbeutilizedtoreporttheresultsoftheauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformation.Aresearchreportcontainingexamplesofactualauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformationisfiledandavail-ablefromASTM.910.MethodB—InvasiveUltrasonicThicknessTesting

withExternalCorrosionEvaluation10.1FieldandLaboratoryTesting—InvasiveUltrasonicThicknessTestingwithExternalCorrosionEvaluation:

10.1.1Conductthefollowingprocedureswhenassessingthesuitabilityofasteeltankforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionusinganinvasivemethod.

10.1.2Conducttestsby,orasdirectedby,thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.

10.1.3Beforeatankissuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionusinganinvasiveapproach,thefollowingsite-

SupportingdatahavebeenfiledatASTMInternationalHeadquartersandmaybeobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:G01-1019.

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estimatetheleak-freelifeofthetankusingthetankinformation,ultrasonicthicknessmeasurementtestdata,andsoilchemistrydata.

10.3.2PredictionModel:

10.3.2.1Useapredictionmodeltodeterminetheprobabilityofanindividualtankleakasaresultofcorrosion.Itshallyieldtheyearsofleak-freeliferemainingandtheprobabilityofapotentialleakofthetankinaspecificsoilcondition.Themodelshallbebasedontankinspectiondatacollectedandshallincludeallofthesitespecificparameterslistedin10.1.3.1–10.1.3.5andanytest(s)performedin10.1.4.Themathematicalformulationusedinthepredictionmodelshallbebasedonacceptedphysicalandelectrochemicalcharacteristicsofthetankcorrosionprocess.

10.3.2.2Considerthetanksuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionifthereis:

(a)Nomeasuredpittingwhichperforatesthetankwall,(b)Ninety-eightpercentofallultrasonicthicknessmea-surementsmadeonthetankshallbegreaterthanorequalto50%oftheminimumrecommendedwallthicknessaspro-videdinUnderwritersLaboratoriesStandardUL58orthedocumentedoriginaltankwallthickness,

(c)Theaveragemetalwallthicknessofeach1m2isgreaterthan85%oftheoriginalwallthickness,and

(d)Theresultsofthepredictionmodel(forexampleCERLN91/18),asdeterminedbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist,supportthatcathodicprotectionisbothreasonableandviable.

10.3.3InspectionReport—Thisreportshallsummarizealltankdatacollectedfromtheinspectionandprovideresultsfromthepredictionmodelforeachtankincludingrecommen-dationswithrespecttoeachtank’ssuitabilityforupgradingusingcathodicprotection.Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallberesponsibleforalldataanalysisandrecommendations.

10.4CathodicprotectioncanbeappliedtothosetankswhichhavebeenevaluatedusingoneoftheproceduresprovidedforinSections8and10andmeetthefollowingcriteria

10.4.1Passesallrequirementsdefinedin10.3.2.2.

10.4.2Eitheratanktightnesstestisconductedbetweenthreeandsixmonthsafterthetankiscathodicallyprotected,ormonthlymonitoringwithanotherleakdetectionsystemisimplementedwithinonemonthaftertheadditionofcathodicprotection.Anyleakdetectionsystemmustmeet5.2.2.10.5AformisincludedintheAnnexA1whichmustbeutilizedtoreporttheresultsoftheauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformation.AresearchreportcontainingexamplesofactualauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformationisfiledandavailablefromASTM.911.MethodC—InvasivePermanentlyRecordedVisual

InspectionandEvaluationIncludingExternalCorrosionAssessment11.1ExternalCorrosionAssessmentDataGathering:

11.1.1Conductthefollowingprocedureswhenassessingthesuitabilityofasteeltankforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionusinganinvasivemethod.

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shallbeappropriateforthesurfacefinishofthematerialtobeexamined.Thesurfacefinishandcouplantofthereferencestandardsshallbeacousticallysimilartothoseofthetankandthecouplanttherein.

10.2.6UltrasonicGauging:

10.2.6.1Theinvasiveultrasonicinspectionshallmakelo-catedwallthicknessmeasurementsofatleast15%oftheentiretankinteriorsurfaceareaexcludingmanwayentries.Thethicknessmeasurementsshallbeuniformlydistributedoverthesurfaceofthetank.Theinvasiveultrasonicinspectionequipmentshallbecapableofaccessingatleast95%ofthetankinteriorsurfaceareaexcludingmanwayentriesandothertankpenetrationfittings.Inareaswherecorrosiondamageismoresevere,asdeterminedbythecorrosiontechnician,additionalmeasurementsshallbemadeasdirectedbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistsoastoprovideasufficientamountofinspectiondatatoaccuratelydefinetheextentofcorrosionandtoensureanaccurateleak-freelifeprediction.

10.2.6.2Dependingonsurfaceconditions,theminimumultrasonicthicknessmeasurementcapabilitymayvaryfrom0.050to0.125in.(1.2to3.2mm).Theinstrumentationshouldbeabletomeasureremainingwallthicknessofthetanktoanaccuracyof60.010in.(0.25mm)andtodetectaflatbottompitof0.125-in.(3.2-mm)diameter.

10.2.6.3Themaximumallowablepositionerrorineachwallthicknessmeasurementpositionlocationcoordinateis5%ofthemaximumtankdimension.

10.2.7UltrasonicTestReports—Recordthefollowingdataasaminimumforfuturereferenceatthetimeofeachinvestigation:

10.2.7.1Operator’snameandcertificationlevel,

10.2.7.2Instrumentdescriptionincludingmake,model,andserialnumberandsetupcouplant,

10.2.7.3Instrumentcalibrationcertificationincludingdateperformed,

10.2.7.4Cabletypeandlength,

10.2.7.5Modeofscanning(manualorautomatic),

10.2.7.6Searchunitdescription,suchas,type,size,frequency,specialshoes,

10.2.7.7Referencestandards(andcalibrationdatarequiredtoduplicatetheexamination),and

10.2.7.8Locationdata(coordinates)forthicknessmeasure-mentdatapoints.

10.2.8Invasiveultrasonicwallthicknessmeasurementmayposecertainsafetyhazards.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisguidetoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.

10.3DataAnalysisandDeterminationofSuitabilityofaTankforUpgradingWithCathodicProtection(RP-0169andRP-0187)UsingInvasiveUltrasonicThicknessTestingandEvaluationIncludingExternalSiteEnvironmentCorrosionAssessment:

10.3.1Thisalternativemethodincludesamathematicalcorrosionpredictionmodelandananalyticalreport.Theanalyticalreportcontainsthetank,soilchemistry(usingGuideE1323),andinspectiondata.Themodelisthenusedto

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consideredtohavefailedthetestandtheinternalvisualinspectionshallbeaborted.

11.2.5USTPreparation—Priortoconductingtheinternalvisualinspection,thetankmustbeemptied,cleaned,ifnecessary,andpurged.

11.2.6EmptyingTanks—Tankstobeinspectedmustbetakenoutofoperationandallliquidproductremovedthatwouldotherwiseprecludeaccuratevisualinspectionofthetank.Employapplicablesafetyprecautionsandprocedures.11.2.7PurgingTanks—Priortoplacinganyvisualinspection,recordingorlightingapparatuswithinthefillpipeortank,theatmospherewithinthetankmustbepurgedtoavoidanycombustiblehydrocarbon/airvapormixture.Purgingmaybeaccomplishedbypressurefeedingablanketofcarbondioxideoranotherinertgasintothetankuntilsufficientairisdisplacedtorendertheinteriortankatmospheresafe.Asanalternativetopurgingbyaninertgas,thetankmaybefreedofflammablevapormixturesbyairpurging.

11.2.7.1Allinstrumentsusedwithinthetank,includingthoseusedforcharacterizationoftheatmosphere,mustbecertifiedasintrinsicallysafefortheappropriateclass(es),division(s),andgroup(s)byacompetentauthority.

11.2.8CleaningTanks—Determinedbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistuponreviewingthevisualrecord,thetankshallbesufficientlyfree(clean)ofsludge,thickoxides,orotherdenseresidualmaterialsastoallowtheinternalsurfaceofthetanktobeevaluated.Atleast98%oftheinteriorsurfaceareaofthetankmustbevisibleforinspection.

11.2.8.1Ifthecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspe-cialistdeterminestheinteriorsurfaceswerenotadequatelyclean,thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallrejectthetankforupgradewithcathodicprotectionuntilsuchtimetheconditionhasbeencorrectedandthetankre-evaluated.

11.2.9LightingEquipment—Thein-tankvisualrecordingsystemshallbeequippedwithlightingcapableofadequatelyilluminatingtheinteriorsteelsurfacessothatthedefectsizesdefinedin11.2.10.1canbevisuallyobservedandpermanentlyrecorded.

11.2.10VisualinspectionResolution:

11.2.10.1Thevisualinspectionmethodmustidentifyandpermanentlyrecordthepresenceofalldetectablepitsorcorrosionby-productstubercleswhileobservingandperma-nentlyrecordingtheconditionofatleast98%ofthetanks’interiorsurfaces.

11.2.11VisualRecording—Theminimumresolutionofthevisualrecordingsystemshallbecapableofidentifyingthelocationanddegreeofcorrosionactivityaslistedin11.2.10.1.Thesystemshallalsopermanentlyembedthetime,structuresite,USTlocation,anddateofthevisualexaminationinthevisualrecord.Itshallalsoprovideforpermanentlyrecordingtheobservationcommentsofthevisualinspector.

11.2.12InspectionandRecording—Afterthetankhasbeentestedandfoundtobesafeinaccordancewith11.2.7,andthepermanentrecordingapparatusisinplace,theinspectionshall

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11.1.2Conducttestsby,orasdirectedbyacorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist.

11.1.3Beforeatankissuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotectionusinganinvasiveapproach,thefollowingsite-specifictestsshallbeconductedforeachtankexcavationzoneinaccordancewithindustryrecognizedstandardpractices:11.1.3.1Performtestsasdescribedin9.1.2.1.

11.1.3.2SoilresistivityinaccordancewithTestMethodsG57.Thesevaluesshallbemeasuredintheimmediatevicinityofthetankexcavationzoneandshall,asaminimum,bemeasuredatdepthsof5,71⁄2,11,121⁄2,and15ft(1.5,2.3,3.5,and5m).

11.1.3.3StructuretosoilpotentialinaccordancewithNACERP-0285withatleastfivesuchmeasurementsspaceduniformlyabouteachtankexcavationzone.

11.1.3.4SoilpHinaccordancewithTestMethodG51,soilchloridesandsulfidesinaccordancewithEPASW846andGuideE1323uniformlygatheredfromthreelocationsabouteachtankexcavationzone.

11.1.3.5Electricalcontinuity/isolationinaccordancewithNACERP-0285ofeachUSTbeingevaluated.

11.1.4Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecial-istshouldalsoconsider,asaminimumbutnotbelimitedto,performingandevaluatingthefollowingtests:11.1.4.1Redoxpotential,11.1.4.2Currentrequirement,11.1.4.3Coatingresistance,11.1.4.4Coatingefficiency,11.1.4.5Wallthickness,

11.1.4.6Solublechlorideionconcentration,11.1.4.7Sulfideionconcentration,11.1.4.8Sulfateionconcentration,and11.1.4.9Anyothertestsdeemednecessary.

11.2FieldTestingUsingInvasivePermanentlyRecordedVisualInspection:

11.2.1Thissubsectionprovidesthegeneralprocedureforinternallyvisuallyinspecting,recordingandarchievingtheresultsofthevisualinspectionofUSTswithoutmannedphysicalentryintothetanks.Thisinformationisusedincombinationwiththedataobtainedfromtheexternaltestingproceduresdefinedin11.1.3toassessthetank’ssuitabilityforupgradingwithcathodicprotection.

11.2.2Thevisualinspectionispartofatotalassessmentprocedurethatincludesleakdetectiontestinginaccordancewith5.2andexternalcorrosionevaluationasdelineatedin11.1.Therecordeddocumentation(forexample,photographicfilm,digitaloranalogtape)isarchivedandisapermanentrecordofthevisualinspection.

11.2.3TechnicalCertification—Thepersonperformingthisinspectionshallbeacorrosiontechnician.Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistshallconductananaly-sisofanysuspectcorrosionactivitythatmayfailatank.11.2.4USTQualification—Thefieldandlaboratorytesting(inaccordancewith11.1)iscompletedeitherpriortoorinconjunctionwithperformingtheinternalvisualtankinspec-tion.Intheeventthesetestsrevealanyindicationofstructuralorelectrochemicalcharacteristicsthatareincompatiblewiththeeffectiveuseofcathodicprotection,thetankshallbe

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11.3.2Thecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecial-istshallberesponsibletoviewthevisualpermanentrecordandmakeafinaldeterminationonthesuitabilityofeachtanktestedforupgrading.

11.3.3Afterreviewofthevisualpermanentrecordinclud-ingallnotationsandcomments,areportshallbepreparedandsubmittedtotheUSTowner/operatorbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistincludingtheupgrad-ingsuitabilitydeterminationmadeforeachtank.ThisvisualrecordandreportshallbekeptonfilebytheUSTowner/operatoraspartoftherequireddocumentation.

11.3.4Anyevidenceofaperforationorsignificantcorrosion,asdefinedinaccordancewith11.2.13,isconfirmedbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist,orifthecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist’sanaly-sisofthesitecorrosiondataasdefinedin11.1andasevaluatedin11.3.5indicatesthetankisnotacandidateforupgradingbycathodicprotectionalone.Significantevidenceofcorrosionexistswhenthecorrosionhasadvancedenoughtocompromisetheintegrityandusefullifeofthetank.

11.3.5CorrosionDataEvaluationAlternativesforInvasiveVisualInspectionProcedure:

11.3.5.1PredictionModel—Useapredictionmodeltode-terminetheprobabilityofanindividualtankleakasaresultofcorrosion.Itshallyieldtheyearsofleak-freeliferemainingandtheprobabilityofapotentialleakofthetankinaspecificsoilcondition.Themodelshallbebasedontankinspectiondatacollectedandshallincludeallofthesitespecificparam-eterslistedin11.1.3–11.1.3.5andanytest(s)performedin11.1.4.Themathematicalformulationusedinthepredictionmodelshallbebasedonacceptedphysicalandelectrochemicalcharacteristicsofthetankcorrosionprocess.Considerthetanksuitableforupgradingwithcathodicprotectioniftheresultsofthepredictionmodel(forexample,CERLN91/18)(3),asdeterminedbythecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialist,supportthatcathodicprotectionisbothreasonableandviableorasdetailedin11.3.5.2.

11.3.5.2SiteSpecificValueCriteria—Corrosiondataforwhichtanksshallnotbeconsideredsuitableforupgradewhenastatisticalpredictionmodelasdefinedin11.3.5.1isnotused:

(a)Soilresistivityattheaveragetankdepthlessthan700Ω-cm,

(b)SoilpHlessthan4.0,

(c)Solublechlorideionconcentrationgreaterthan500ppm,

(d)Apositivesulfidetestindicatingthepresenceofsulfate-reducingbacteriainaccordancewithEPASW846.

(e)Averagetank-to-soilpotentialontheUSTaremorepositivethan–300mVwithrespecttoasaturatedcopper-coppersulfateelectrode.

11.4RequirementsforapplyingcathodicprotectiontotankswhichhavebeentestedinaccordancewithSections8and11andmeetthefollowingcriteria:

11.4.1Thosetanksthathavebeentested,foundtobeleakfree,andfoundacceptableforupgradinginaccordancewithSections8and11andmeetthecriteriadefinedin11.3.4togetherwitheither11.3.5.1or11.3.5.2,and

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bemadebyaqualifiedtechnicianworkingunderthesupervi-sionoftheresponsiblecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistinaccordancewiththefollowingminimumrequire-ments:

11.2.12.1Scanallinteriortanksurfacestoassessthegeneralinspectionconditionsandtoensurethetankissufficientlycleantopermiteffectivevisualinspection.

11.2.12.2Atthestartoftherecordingprocess,recordthedate,time,andallnecessarytankidentificationdataincludingcompanynameandaddress,projectidentificationnumber,tanksize,ageandidentificationnumber,andcorrosiontechnician’sname.

11.2.12.3Systematicallyperformandrecordthevisualcorrosionconditiononatleast98%oftheinternaltanksurfaces.

11.2.12.4Permanentlyrecordinthevisualrecordallperti-nentoruniqueobservations,corrosionactivityordamage,andlocationrelativetotheinternaltanksurfaceobservedbythecorrosiontechnician.

11.2.12.5Permanentlyrecordasummationcommentaryofthecorrosiontechnician.

11.2.13CorrosionActivity—Thecorrosiontechnicianshallidentifyanyevidenceofcorrosionincluding:

11.2.13.1Perforations—Waterintrusionorothervisualevi-dence.

11.2.13.2RustTuberculation—Activedarkred/marooncrust.

11.2.13.3Streaks—Elongatedinshape,darkred/blackincoloratapex.

11.2.13.4Discoloration—Patchesshowingdarkreddish/blackcenter,becominglightertowardtheedges,usuallyirregularlyspaced,3to9in.(7.5to23cm)indiameter.

11.2.13.5Pitting—Blackincenter-bottomofcrater,lightredorbrightmetalnearperimeter.

11.2.13.6ScalingorDelaminations—Typicalexfoliation,nodiscoloration,layeredflakesinsmall2to4-in.(5to11-cm)diameterirregularpatches.

11.2.13.7WeldDeterioration—Littlediscoloration,exceptpossibleblack/maroondepositbeneathinterface;deteriorationofmetalwithintheweldsometimeswithcracksandundercuts.11.2.13.8Cracks—Usuallynodiscoloration,typicallynearwelds,openings,fittings,connections,andotherstressconcen-trationsites.

11.2.14PassiveCorrosionFilms:

11.2.14.1GeneralOverallRustFilm—Lightred,pink,orpink/beige;smoothtoslightlypockmarked.Thisisnotactivecorrosion,butanalphaoxidefilmthatisprotectiveorpassivating.

11.3DataAnalysisandReportonDeterminationofSuit-abilityofaTankforUpgradingwithCathodicProtectionUsingInvasiveVisualInspectionwithExternalCorrosionEvaluation:

11.3.1Theexaminingcorrosiontechnicianmayrecordcommentstoaidthecorrosionspecialist/cathodicprotectionspecialistinevaluationofthetank’sinternalsurfaces.Ifnocorrosionordeteriorationisevident,thereportshallsoindicate.

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12.Keywords

12.1assessment;cathodicprotection;corrosion;criteria;EPA;evaluation;inspection;model;prediction;regulation;rust;statistical;steel;suitability;tank;ultrasonic;undergroundstoragetank;upgrade;UST;video;visual

11.4.2Eitheratanktightnesstestisconductedbetweenthreeandsixmonthsafterthetankiscathodicallyprotected,ormonthlymonitoringwithanotherleakdetectionsystemisimplementedwithinonemonthaftertheadditionofcathodicprotection.Anyleakdetectionsystemmustmeet5.2.2.11.5AformisincludedinAnnexA1whichmustbeutilizedtoreporttheresultsoftheauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformation.Aresearchreportcontainingexamplesofactualauthenticatedvendorprovidedinformationisfiledandavail-ablefromASTM.9ANNEX

(MandatoryInformation)A1.THIRDPARTYVERIFICATION

A1.1SeeFig.A1.1.

FIG.A1.1ThirdPartyVerificationForm

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REFERENCES

(1)Bushman,J.,B.andMehalick,T.,E.“StatisticalAnalysisofSoil

CharacteristicstoPredictMeanTimetoCorrosionFailureofUnder-groundMetallicStructures,”ASTMSTP1013,ASTM,19.

(2)Rogers,W.,F.“StatisticalPredictionofCorrosionFailures,”NACEInternational,CORROSION,PaperNo.596.

(3)Piskinetal,“LeakagePotentialofUndergroundStorageTanks,”

USACERLTechnicalReportN-91/18,USArmyConstructionEngi-neeringLaboratories,Champaign,IL61826-9005,June1991.

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