号顿市安谧阳光实验学校Unit 2 Friendship 知识总结
合作与讨论
Read the following material and then have a discussion.
Hua is a high school student. She gets along well with a tall boy in her class. When she sees the boy smoking a cigarette at school, she will decide to try to smoke, too. If the boy suggests doing something that Hua doesn't like, she will change her mind about it and agrees with him. And when Hua asks the boy to lend her some money, he will give her the money and say that she doesn't need to give it back. They say they have become really good friends.
1．What's your opinion on their friendship?
我的思路：It is not the right way to make friends. 2．What advice would you like to give to the friends?
我的思路：True friends should trust each other. When you see your friend smoking, you should talk to him（or her）and remind him（or her）gently of the health dangers. If your friend suggests doing something that you don't like, you should say what you like and dislike about it. And if your friend asks you to lend him some money, you can lend it if he（or she）promises to pay it back promptly. 文本互动
Friendship is the topic of this unit, so I think I will be more clear about what is true friendship after learning it. Meanwhile I'll try to improve the following skills:
1．Listening: Listen to the tape and try to grasp the main idea of
the text. Finish the listening exercises of the unit.
2．Speaking: Read the text aloud and discuss some related questions with classmates.
3．Reading: Enjoy the beautiful language of the text as well as master the important words, phrases, sentences and grammar points. 4．Writing: Learn how to write a letter in English. 句型剖析
1．Only when…can they build up a strong fire.
当only连同其所修饰的状语部分一起置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序，即通过提前助动词/情态动词/ have / be等引起倒装。如：
Only in this way can you master English. 只有用此方法你才能精通英语。
Only then did they realize the importance of learning English. Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get happily back to work. 注意：only也可修饰名词或代词，虽放在句首，但绝不可用倒装语序。 Only man can make and use tools.
只有人类能制造和使用工具。
Only she knew something about that accident。
【案例】Only when the war was over ______ to his hometown. A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return
解析：“only＋状语或状语从句”作状语时主句要进行倒装。本句是only
＋时间状语从句，所以后接的主句要倒装。这句话的意思是“直到战争结束后，这些年轻的战士才返回故乡”。答案为A。
点评：从题干内容可知本题要考查的内容为倒装。
2．It's good to have friends to study with because we can help each other.
当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。如：
It is necessary to tell his father everything. It's no use crying over the spilt milk. （谚）覆水难收。
It's a pity that you didn't read the book.
注意：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。如：
I think it no use arguing with him.
I found it very，interesting to study English.
He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 【案例】（上海高考）In fact _____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it 解析：由句意得知：it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“for sB. to do sth．”动词不定式的复合结构。无论作形式主语还是形式宾语，一律用it。故
选D。 点评：本题考查it的用法。 语法巡礼
（一）定语从句 1．由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that引导的定语从句 （1）who（m）/ which / that在从句中作宾语时常常省略。 The babies they looked after were all in good health. 他们照看的孩子身体都很健康。
（2）紧靠介词后作宾语时，只能用which或whom。 This is the house in which we lived last year. 这就是我们去年住的房子。
The people in whom he believes are very few. 他信得过的人很少。
（3）关系代词作从句的主语时，其谓语动词在人称和数上和先行词一致。 He is one of the clerks who have been invited. 他是被邀请的职员之一。
（4）whose作定语，既可指人，也可指物。
We want to see the boy whose father died for the revolution.
That old man has lived in the house for over 50 years, whose windows are all broken.
（5）非性定语从句不用that引导。
The note was left by Mr. Wang, who was here just now. 这个条子是王先生留的，他刚才来过。
【案例1】Is the factory _____ we visited last year?
A. that B. which C. where D. the one 解析：选D。弄清楚the factory是句子的主语，而不是定语从句的先行词，所以，必须添加能作先行词的表语，即D项。其中the one后省略了that或which（不是where），where用于先行词在定语从句中作地点状语的时候。此题容易误以为the factory是先行词而忽视整个句子的结构，即factory与is的关系（主句缺少表语）。比较：
Is this the factory（which）We visited last year? 点评：此题考查学生分析句子结构的能力。
【案例2】She heard a terrible noise, ______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that 解析：非性定语从句中的关系代词用which，不用that，在从句中作主语或宾语，并且不能省略。故选B。
点评：此题考查的是非性定语从句关系代词的用法。
再如：①Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light. ②That book of yours,
which I finished reading last night, was exciting. 2．由关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句
（1）when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，它所代替的先行词是表示时间的名词。如：
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。
I'll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
（2）where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，它所代替的先行词是表示地点的名词。如：
This is the factory where my father works for twenty years. 这就是我父亲工作了二十年的工厂。
The house where he lived is now a library.
（3）why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词只有reason。如：
This is the reason why she spoke. 这就是她为什么发言的原因。
Do you know the reason why l left early?
另外，关系副词也可以用“介词十关系代词”来代替。
I'll never forget the day on which I first came to Beijing. The house in which he lived is now a library. Do you know the reason for which l left early?
注意：当先行词虽然表示时间、地点或原因，而关系词在从句中作主语、宾语而不是状语时，不可用when, where或why而应用that或which。 I'll never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远也忘不了我们在一起度过的那些日子。（定语从句中的spent为及物动词，从句中须有宾语，因此只能用that / which，不能用when。） This is the factory which / that we visited yesterday.
这就是我们昨天参观的那个工厂。（visit为及物动词，从句中缺宾语。） （二）名词所有格 1．'s式所有格
（1）在词尾加's，如：Marx's books
（2）当原词有表复数的s结尾，只在词尾加'即可，如：the teachers' reading room. 但无s结尾的复数名词也是加's，如：the Children's Palace （3）以s结尾的专有名词，其所有格可加's，也可只加'，如：Dickins's（或Dickins'）。
注意：'s所有格主要用于生物名词，有时也可用于表时间、城市、国家、机关、地名等的名词，如：yesterday's news。
2．of短语式所有格
of短语式所有格修饰前面的名词，表示两个名词之间的所属关系，多用于无生命名词，如：the biggest football game of the year; the computer of tomorrow.
3．双重所有格
of＋'s式所有格（或人称代词的名词性所有格）修饰前面的名词，这种结构叫名词的双重所有格。
注意：①of前的名词一定要有冠词、数词、不定代词、指示代词之类的修饰语（one和the除外），如：a novel of Lu Xun's。 ②of后面的名词必须是特定的，如：
a book of my friend's, 不说a book of a certain friend's。 ③of后面的名词必须是指人的，如： of Tom's, 不说of the book's。
【案例】Mrs. Green said, \"My son's birthday is______\". A. in two weeks' time B. in two week's time C. in two weeks away D. in two week time
解析：选A。三天后的说法有三种形式。①in three days' time; ②three days away; ③in three days. 点评：习惯表达法的考查。
