主格结构中的非谓语动词用法

主格用法详解

一。 分词主格结构的理解技巧 (主格怎样变来的)

在英语中，分词用作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。

他生病了，我们把他送到了医院。

误：Being ill, we took him to the hospital. 由于我们生病了，所以我们把他送到了医院

句中的“误”句之所以有误，该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的. 因为自己生病，还要把别人送到医院，够荒唐的吧！

正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us. 因为他生病了，所以他被我们送到了医院。

上面一句也可改写为：He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 这类结构为主格结构

首先，句子只有一个主谓结构，所以它是简单句。不是复合句，也不是并列句，

其次，句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语，这个句子不能改为：He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来，它就成了两个句子，但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式，所以就错了！为什么呢?

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因为它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。

而英语句子,从结构上看，只有三种类型，即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构)，要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词)，要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子类型。

如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的

正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital.

正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.

正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital.

正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.

正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.

二、 主格结构是 一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等，在句中作状语。

1．主格结构的三个特点

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(1) 主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它存在。

(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

(3) 主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

2．非谓语动词在主格结构中的用法。

（1）. 表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作，通常用不定式。常位于句首或句末。

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。(表伴随)

He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。

（2）.表示①主动的或②正在进行（或当时正在进行）的动作用现在分词

She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。

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（3.）表示被动或已完成的动作（名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构）。 用过去分词

This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况)

注意：主格结构作时间或原因状语时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。可用完成时，

3． 主格的结构形式有两类：

一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成主格结构。另一类是：with的复合结构。主格结构其前加上介词 with / without

一类. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词

1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作

A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。

Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.

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如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succee 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的

2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。

①其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。

Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。

②有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。

The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready.

汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

③名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。过去分词通常表示被动意义

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。

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His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家

More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

④名词 / 代词 + 形容词。

The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

⑤名词 / 代词 + 副词。形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。

The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。

⑥名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态

这类主格结构中，其中的介词in，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。

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A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。

但如果是其他介词，则不受此。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。

⑦There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

⑧It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，机关都休息

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

英语中由“with (without)+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合结构也可视为一种主格结构，其中的“宾语”通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格而不能用主格

1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。

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2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。

He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。

3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。

4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词

Don’t brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。（作原因状语）

5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式

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I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。（作原因状语）

With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried.这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急

6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

三、主格结构的功能

表示谓语动词发生的⑴时间、⑵原因、⑶条件（相当于一个状语从句。一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末）

⑴The work done(=After the work had been done 去掉助动词) , we went home.

工作完成后，我们才回家。（作时间状语）

The listeners having taken（完成时having+PP） their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了（作时间状语）。

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⑵Weather permitting(＝If weather permits表示一般情况-ing) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。（作条件状语）

⑶An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。（作原因状语）

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

⑷伴随情况(5) 表补充说明（相当于并列句，通常放于句末）

⑷He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed(pp,表被动) under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。（作伴随状语）

(5)A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。（表补充说明）

四．使用主格结构的注意事项

(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。

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After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。

(2) 在下列两种情况下，主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：

a. 主格的逻辑主语是代词时。

It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。

b. 在There being＋名词的结构中。

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家

(3) 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。

(比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )

(4) 主格结构没有所有格形式。

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。

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(比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised. ）

【参】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA

【现学现用】 1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed

2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.

A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered

3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.

A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen

4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.

A. to give B. give C. being given D. given

5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.

A. permets B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted

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6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.

A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been

7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been

8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.

A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing

9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.

A. having been B. been C. to be D. to being

10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been

【参】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA

主格结构考题小练(有详解)

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1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.

A. which B. that C. whom D. them1.

D。half of them novels 为主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。

2. _____ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.

A. because B. as C. With D. Since C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。

3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.

A. them B. who C. whom D. which

A。most of them carrying...为主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用

4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that

C. them D. it

C。all of them over 600 years old 为主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600

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years old。

5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light.

A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give

D。第一空填 being，构成主格结构；第二空填不定式表目的

6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _____ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.

A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering

C。主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.

7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________.

A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze

C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze

D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“主格结构”作状语。

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8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day.

A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished

B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为主格结构。

9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that

A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非性定语从句，而是一个主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。

10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other

D. the others

D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个主格结构均表伴随状语)

with+宾语+非谓语动词

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请看下面两道考题，均考查“with+宾语+非谓语动词”结构：

1. —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

—Sorry. With so much work _________ my mind, I almost break down.

A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled

2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _________, he gladly accepted it.

A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished

以上两题答案分别为B和A，均考查“with+宾语+非谓语动词”结构。该结果中的“非谓语动词”可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词，它们在用法上的区别如下：

一、用不定式：通常指不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。如：

The person with the most to lose is the director. 损失最大的是主任。

With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out. 有这么多工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。

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With such good cardres to carry out the Party’s policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的，我们感到放心。

In the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 下午没事我就去逛书店。

二、用现在分词：指动作正在进行或在当时看来已是一种在持续的状态。如：

He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 灯还亮着他很快就睡着了。

The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗吹着一股清风。

We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead. 我们走进一个大候诊室，头上有一个大电扇运转着。

The ocean looks very beautiful with the moonlight glimmering on its surface. 海洋真美，月光在海面上闪烁。

Parks come alive with people picnicking, taking walks, rowing boats or swimming, while the quieter ones sit on the benches enjoying the flower scents in the breeze. 公园里很热闹，有的人在吃野餐、散步、划船或游泳，那些爱清静的人则坐在长凳上嗅着风中的花香。

注：正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“with+宾语+非谓语动词”中的“现在分词”

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也可表示将来意义。如：

With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天就要到了，该买暖和衣裳了。

三、用过去分词：指与其前的名词或代词为被动关系。如：

She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐在那里。

I dare you to run across the road with your eyes shut. 我量你不敢闭着眼睛跑过马路。They held him with his arms pinned to his side. 他们抓住了他，把他的胳膊按在肋部。1978 ended with nothing settled. 在一切悬而未决的情况下1978年结束了。

He painted her sitting with her hands folded. 他画她坐着手叉在胸前。

【现学现用】

1. With so much work _________, I can’t go to the movies.

A. to do B. doing C. be doing D. done

2. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother _________.

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A. to be ill B. being ill C. been ill D. to being ill

3. With the crowds _________, the royal party drove to the palace.

A. cheering B. to cheer C. being cheered D. cheered

4. All the afternoon he worked with the door _________.

A. to lock B. locked C. being locked D. locking

5. He came back with a basket _________ with fresh fruit.

A. filled B. to fill C. filling D. being filled

6. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_________.

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

【参】ABABAA

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