猜测词义技巧之-----通过上下文进行猜测( 学案 )
班级__________ 姓名_______________ Step Ⅰ、Lead in (2011·湖南卷C篇)
…The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. …
67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “______”.
A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination
Step Ⅱ、Presentation
● 词义猜测题常见的考查形式：
1) The phrase “…” in the sentence could be replaced by _________. 2) The world “…” in the paragraph refers to ______.
3) What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the
underlined word mean?
4) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase”…”? 5) The world “…” most nearly means ______ .
6) What do you think the expression “…” stand for? … ● 考点诠释
猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型，在数量上通常至少有道题。考生 要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文、构词等线索(各种已知信 息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。就方法来说，主 要根据上下文线索和构词法。高考阅读文章中更侧重前者。近几年的分布题量分布： 2008 1 2009 1 2010 1 2011 1
● 技巧点拨
【例1】 In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 词义：_______________
★Skill 1： 通过__________________________（ 定义或释义关系 ）进行猜测
定义句的谓语动词多为：be , mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。 Practice : In fact，only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat , exist in the U.S. today, (NMET 2005浙江) 词义：_______________
【例2】
1) They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. ___________ 2) We are on the night shift---from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week. ___________ 3) The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now completed. ______
1
★Skill 2： 通过__________________________（同位关系）进行猜测 (2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)
You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear. ( )What does a “swab” mostly probably mean?
A. something soft, small and used in clinics B. something hard, long and used at home C. something thin, wet and like an elbow D. something safe, big and like a toy
【例3】Some family names were made by adding something to the father’s name. English-speaking people added –s or –son. The Johsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family’s ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O’Donnells are descend-angts of the sanmeDonnell. (NMET 2010 江苏)
The underlined word “descendants” means a person’s______________________. A. later generations B. friends and relatives C. colleagues partners D. later sponsors
★Skill 3： 通过__________________________（同义或反义关系）进行猜测
表示对比、类比或转折的常见信息词有：but，yet，however，while，on the other hand，on the contrary，despite，in spite of，instead等，有时也用破折号或冒号等符号
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 词义：__________________________
★Skill 4： 通过__________________________（例证）进行猜测
利用释义词（句）、举例或同位语表示释义或举例词语的信息词有 _____________________________________________________________________等， 符号则有e.g. (举例)、i.e.（也就是）。 （2007 湖南 C）
…Like Schmid , the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion(捍卫) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else: “ Why’s your car HERE at HER place?” The note became the starting point for Rothbard’s addictive publication, which features found photographs sent in by readers, such as a poster discovered in your drawer.
( ) The underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refers to “ _______ ”. A. the readers B. the editors
C. the found photographs D. the self-published magazines
【例5】When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it come on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm. (NMET 2004 广东)
The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off ” means that the colours ﹍﹍. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers
2
C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest ★Skill 5： 通过__________________________（因果关系）进行猜测
表示因果关系的信息词有 ______________________________________________________.
【例6】. There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckets. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best. What does the underlined word “dilapidated” probably mean?
A. Dirty. B. Dark. C. Worn-out. D. Plain-looking. ★Skill 6： 通过__________________________（上下文提供的信息）进行猜测 Practice 7: 【例4】when I first became a reporter I knew a man who gave up a very well-paid respectable job at the Daily Telegraph to go and edit a small newspaper . At the time I was astonished by what appeared to me to be his completely abnormal mental state. How could anyone turn his back on Fleet Street in central London for a small local area? I wanted to know. (NMET 2006 广东)
The underlined phrase “turn his bake on ”most probably means ﹍﹍﹍﹍
A. leave for B. return to C. give up D. rely on
★Skill 8： 通过__________________________（上下文的指代关系）进行猜测
Consolidation:
1. (2006 湖南， C)
The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious character(臭名昭著) pests. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s. It’s still one of America’s most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability? “ I guess if you wanted to use one word, it’d be ‘plasticity’ ,” says Eric Gese, an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live alone, in pairs, or in large packs like wolves; hunt at night or during the day; occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles; and live on all sorts of food, from lizards(蜥蜴) and shoes, to ants and melons.
( ) The underlined word “plasticity” in paragraph 2 refers to “ _______ ”. A. the ability to fit the environment B. notorious smartness C. hunting ability D. being human-tolerant
2. 2011全国2 D
（ ）The word “highlights” in Paragraph 2 probably means ______. A. encourages B. helps to narrow C. increases D. draws attention to 3. 2011全国卷2 E
（ ）What do the words “on cloud nine” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. frightened B. troubled C. very happy D. very angry
3
4. 2011北京 C
（ ）The underlined word “engage” in Para. 4 probably means ______. A. explore B. accept C. change D. reject 5. (2006 全国 I B)
… I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station. They said they would take me to my friend’s. We chatted on the way into the city, and when I got out of the car, the husband gave me his business card. The words “ took off ”
A. turned off B. moved off C. put up D. set up
4
