2020年高考英语重难点专练三 阅读理解之说明文

重难点03 阅读理解之说明文

最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研

【命题趋势】

成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。 【满分技巧】

高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。

一、词义猜测类题型

阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：

（一）内在逻辑关系

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。

1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 2. 根据因果关系猜测词义 3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 4. 通过句法功能来推测词义 5. 通过描述猜词 （二）外部相关因素

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外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。

（三）构词法

在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。

1. 根据前缀猜测词义 2. 根据后缀猜测词义

3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 二、主旨大意类题型

主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：

（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题

文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 （二）寻找文章的主题句

分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。 【热点话题】

说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。 【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）

A

（湖南沙市雅礼中学2019届高三下学期一模）

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话题：新的海洋生态系统 难度：★ 建议用时：6分 A team of international scientists is due to set off for the world’s biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.

Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68--which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.

“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”

Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大胆的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”

There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the world’s ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows. 1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg? A. To study how the iceberg was formed. B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem. C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change. D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.

2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to? A. The Larsen C ice shelf.

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B. Climate change in Antarctica.

C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it. D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica. 3. What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text? A. It is as big as London.

B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic. C. It will disappear in a very short time.

D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica. 4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica. B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate. C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change. D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。南极地区的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68 iceberg。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的机会。

1. B【解析】细节理解题。由第二段Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems

before they are transformed to the light.可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这座冰山下面的海洋生态系统。故选B。

2. C【解析】词义猜测题。由第三段The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life...

可知A68冰山的形成为科学家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会，所以Professor David Vaughan认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故this one指的是A68冰山和它下面的生态系统。故选C。 3. D【解析】细节理解题。由第二段…which is four times bigger than London…可知A选项错误。由第四段Larsen

C is a long way south and there’s lots of sea ice in the area…可知拉森C冰架位于南极地区，B选项错误。由第一段to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.可知D选项正确。C选项在文中没有提到。

4. D【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段…At the current rate, the world’s oceans will be, on average, at least 60cm

higher by the end of the century.可推测D选项正确。

B

（天津市耀华中学2019届高三第二次校模拟考试）

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话题：上大学前需要了解的信息 难度：★★ 建议用时：6分 College visits are important. Before you commit years of your life and money to a school，be sure you’re choosing a place that is a good match for your personality and interests. You can’t get the “feel” of a school from any guidebook，so be sure to visit the campus. Below are a few tips for getting the most out of your college visit.

Explore on Your Own

Of course you should take the official campus tour，but be sure to allow time to hang around on your own. The trained tour guides will show you a school’s selling points. But the oldest and prettiest buildings don’t give you the entire picture of a college. Try to walk the extra mile and get the complete picture of the campus.

Read the Bulletin Boards

When you visit the student center，academic buildings and residence halls，take a few minutes to read the bulletin boards. They provide an easy way to see what’s happening on campus. The ads for lectures，clubs and plays can tell you what’s going on outside the classrooms.

Eat in the Dining Hall

You can get a good feel for student life by eating in the dining hall. Try to sit with students if you can. Do the students seem happy or stressed？Also，is the food good？Are there adequate healthy options？Many admission offices will give prospective students coupons（优惠券）for free meals in the dining halls.

Visit a Class in Your Major

If you know what you want to study，a class visit makes a lot of sense. You’ll get to observe other students in your field and see how involved they are in classroom discussion. Try to stay after class for a few minutes and chat with the students to get their impressions of their professors and major. Be sure to call in advance to schedule a classroom visit-most colleges don’t allow visitors to drop in at class unannounced.

Talk to Lots of Students

Your campus tour guide has been trained to market the school. Try to talk to students who aren’t getting paid to impress you. These important conversations can often provide you with information about college life that isn’t part of the admission script. Few university officials will tell you if their students spend all weekend drinking or studying，but a group of random students might.

For more tips，please go to collegeapps. about. com.

5. The best way to know about a college in an official campus tour is______________. A. to walk around the campus alone

B. to take pictures of the campus D. to hire a trained tour guide

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C. to visit the oldest and prettiest buildings

6. Reading the bulletin boards can help you ______________. A. decide-the major you want to study B. find out the after-class activities on campus C. get free coupons from the admission offices D. find out the options of healthy food

7. If you plan to attend a class on campus, ____________. A. drop in at a class in your major B. have talks with students before class C. make an appointment in advance D. ask the professor for permission

8. To get a real idea of the college during a visit, it’s best to talk to_____________. A. famous professors C. admission officers

B. campus tour guides D. random students

9. Where does the passage probably come from？ A. A news report.

B. A tourist poster. D. A geographical magazine.

C. An educational journal.

【文章大意】本文属于说明文，本文对上大学之前需要了解的信息给出了一些建议，可以自行探索，阅读公告栏，在餐厅试吃，旁听课程和与其他同学交谈。

5. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一个标题下的第一句中的\"but be sure to allow time to hang around on your

own\"可知，要想了解一所大学，最好能独自在校园逗留一段时间。故选A。

6. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个标题下的They provide an easy way to see what’s happening on campus，

可知，公告栏可以让你了解校园课外活动的相关信息。故选B。

7. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四个标题下的Be sure to call in advance to schedule a classroom visit-most

colleges don’t allow visitors to drop in on class unannounced。可知，并不是所有的课都可以旁听的，你需要提前预约。故选C。

8. D【解析】细节理解题。根据第五个标题下的You’ll get to observe other students in your field and see how

involved they are in classroom discussion可知，要想真正了解一所大学的情况，最好能随机地和一些学生交谈。故选D。

9. C【解析】推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文对上大学之前需要了解的信息给出了一些建议，所以最

有可能来自教育期刊。故选C。

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C

（北京市清华大学附属中学2019届高三第三次模拟考试） 话题：全球变暖 难度：★★ 建议用时：6分 Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.

This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.

This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.

Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone（臭氧）levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.

“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.

10. According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may _______.

A. result in a warming climate

B. cause the forest fires to occur more frequently C. lead to a longer fire season

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D. protect the forests and the environment there

11. The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT _________.

A. large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere B. the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase C. snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space

D. ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun 12. Earlier studies about northern forest fires _________.

A. analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate B. indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere

C. suggest that people should take measures to protect the environment D. suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming

13. The underlined phrase “soak up” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.

A. released C. created

B. absorbed D. distributed

14. From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may __________.

A. warm the climate as the supposition goes

B. allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate C. destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice D. help to gain more energy rather than release more energy

10. A【解析】 细节理解题。根据第二段1,2行This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest

fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions说明这样的措施最终导致了北部地区的气候变暖。故A正确。

11. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段后三行The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire

was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.说明地上的雪反射阳光这是大火的间接的影响，是在第二年春天的时候发生的事情，并不是immediate effects。故C符合要求。

12. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段2,3行Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in

northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.说明D正确。

13. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据本句0.5 watts per square meter of area burned aresoaked upby the earth from

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greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space.说明该词与send back该词相反的意思，故应该指吸收，因为send back指反射。故B正确。

14. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二行scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas

where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.可知选 B。

D

（2018-2019学年上师大附中高三下英语三月月考） 话题：全球化 难度：★★★ 建议用时：6分 For all the pressures and rewards of regionalization(地区化) and globalization, local identities remain the most deeply impressed. Even if the end result of globalization is to make the world smaller, its scope seems to foster the need for more private local connections among many individuals. As Bernard Poignant, mayor of the town of Quimper in Brittany, told the Washington Post, “Man is a fragile animal and he needs his close attachments. The more open the world becomes, the more ties there will be to one s roots and one’s land.”

In most communities, local languages such as Poignant’s Breton serve a strong symbolic function as a clear mark of “authenticity(原真性)”. The sum total of a community’s shared historical experience, authenticity reflects a noticeable line from a culturally idealized past to the present, carried by the language and traditions associated with the community’s origins. A concern for authenticity leads most secular(世俗的) Israelis to defend Hebrew among themselves while also acquiring English and even Arabic. The same obsession with authenticity drives Hasidic Jews in Israel or the Diaspora to champion Yiddish while also learning Hebrew and English. In each case, authenticity amounts to a central core of cultural beliefs and interpretations that are not only resistant to globalization but also are actually reinforced by the “threat” that globalization seems to present to these historical values. Scholars may argue that cultural identities change over time in response to specific reward systems. But locals often resist such explanation and defend authenticity and local mother tongues against the perceived threat of globalization with near religious eagerness.

As a result, never before in history have there been as many standardized languages as there are today: roughly 1,200. Many smaller languages, even those with far fewer than one million speakers, have benefited from state-sponsored or voluntary preservation movements. On the most informal level, communities in Alaska and the American northwest have formed Internet discussion groups in an attempt to pass on Native American languages to younger generations. In the Basque, Catalan, and Galician regions of Spain, such movements are fiercely political and frequently involved loyal resistance to the Spanish government over political and linguistic rights. Projects have ranged from a campaign to print Spanish money in the four official languages of the state to the

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creation of language immersion nursery and primary schools. Zapatistas in Mexico are championing the revival of Mayan languages in an equally political campaign for local autonomy.

In addition to causing the feeling of the subjective importance of local roots, supporters of local languages defend their continued use on practical grounds. Local tongues foster higher levels of school success, higher degrees of participation in local government, more informed citizenship, and better knowledge of one’s own culture, history, and faith. Government and relief agencies can also use local languages to spread information about industrial and agricultural techniques as well as modern health care to diverse audiences. Development workers in West Africa, for example, have found that the best way to teach the vast number of farmers with little or no formal education how to sow and rotate crops for higher yields is in these local tongues. Nevertheless, both regionalization and globalization require that more and more speakers of local languages be multi-literate. 15. In paragraph 1, the author quoted a mayor’s word to show that globalization ________. A. strengthens local identities C. strengthens individualism

B. weakens regionalization D. weakens local attachments

16. The influence of globalization on authenticity is that it ________. A. weakens the authority of authenticity B. prevents the development of authenticity C. enhances the importance of authenticity D. promotes the maturity of authenticity

17. In terms of campaigns for language protection, America differs from Spain and Mexico in that ______. A. its volunteers have enough sponsorship from the state. B. its locals are not interested in finding native Americans. C. its youths are eager to pass on the local traditions. D. its movements are not political.

18. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Practically, local languages are less used than English. B. Local languages are more important in daily life. C. The smaller the world is, the more united the locals are. D. The relation between localization and globalization is double-win.

【文章大意】本文是说明文。对于区域化和全球化的所有压力及其回报来说，本地的认同还是最关键的。即使全球化的最终结果是促使世界变小了，这一能力依然促进了众多个体最初在本土相连的需求。世

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界越是变得开放，其本源与本土的连接就会越紧密。文章列举了当地文化的现状及各国采取的保护措施。 15. A细节理解题。根据第一段得知，作者用引用的句子是为了说明全球化让世界越变越小，但它也促使个

体之间更加亲密，增加了地方认同。故选A。

16. C推理判断题。根据第二段In each case, authenticity amounts to a central core of cultural beliefs and

interpretations that are not only resistant to globalization but also are actually reinforced by

the“threat”that globalization seems to present to these historical values.得知，全球化对真实性的影响是增强了真实性的重要性。故选C。

17. D细节理解题。根据第三段communities in Alaska and the American northwest have formed Internet

discussion groups in an attempt to pass on Native American languages to younger generations.阿拉斯加和美国西北部的社区已经形成了互联网讨论会来保护语言，而西班牙和墨西哥通过政治活动保护语言。故选D.

18. A细节理解题。根据最后一段得知，地方语言的众多用处，但并没有明确比较地方语言和英语在实际应

用方面孰多孰少。A项表述错误。故选A。

E

（山东师范大学附属中学2019届高三第四次模拟） 话题：新能源科技 难度：★★★ 建议用时：6分 A Swiss airplane powered only by energy from the sun left from Abu Dhabi early on March 9. Its creators hope the plane will make the first around-the-world journey without any fuel. The plane is called Solar Impulse 2. It has one seat and is made from carbon fiber. The plane weighs only as much as a car but its wings are wider than a Boeing 747. The plane’s wings stretch 72 meters across. Those wings include 17,000 solar units, or cells, which capture the sun’s energy. The energy allows the plane to fly day and night.

Two Swiss scientists built the plane. Bertrand Piccard is also an explorer who made the first non-stop flight around the world in a balloon. Andre Borschberg is an engineer and trained fighter pilot. The scientists say they are not trying to alter the airplane industry. Instead, they want to show that new energy sources and technologies can achieve what some say is impossible. “We want to show we can fly day and night in an aircraft without a drop of fuel.” Mr. Piccard said.

Some parts of the trip will require the pilots to be in the tiny plane for five to six days and nights in a row. So it is good that the pilot’s seat is also a toilet.

The plane’s route begins in the United Arab Emirates. The pilots also plan stops in Oman, India, and China. They will cross the Pacific Ocean, stop in the United States, and continue over southern Europe or North Africa.

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They plan to arrive back in the United Arab Emirates in late July or early August.

Internet viewers can go to the Solar Impulse website to see the plane’s location and listen to broadcasts from the pilots.

19. Why does the plane have wider wings?

A. It can fly faster and land safely. C. It may look like a Boeing 747.

B. It can get the sun’s energy easily. D. It will make the plane appear larger.

20. What does the underlined word “alter” in Para 2 probably mean?

A. Improve. C. Rebuild.

B. Change. D. Destroy.

21. What do we know about the trip made in the plane?

A. It will take five to six days and nights. C. It is broadcast live on the Internet. 22. What does the text mainly talk about?

A. A solar-powered plane will travel the globe. B. A good way to save energy has been found. C. A newly-built plane consumes no energy. D. Solar energy waits to be fully explored.

【文章大意】本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了科学家们将新能源科技运用到飞机上制造太阳能飞机的实验。

19. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句Those wings include 17,000 solar units, or cells, which capture

the sun’s energy. The energy allows the plane to fly day and night.可知，飞机有更宽的机翼是因为它可以很容易地获得太阳能。故选B。

20. B【解析】词义猜测题。根据第二段中Instead, they want to show that new energy sources and technologies

can achieve what some say is impossible.（相反，他们想要证明，新能源和新技术可以实现一些人所说的不可能实现的目标。）可知“科学家们并没有试图改变航空业。”所以推知划线词的意思是“改变”。故选B。

21. C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Internet viewers can go to the Solar Impulse website to see the plane’s

location and listen to broadcasts from the pilots.（互联网观众可以访问太阳能动力公司的网站，查看飞机的位置，并收听飞行员的广播。）可知，关于这次飞行，将在互联网上直播。故选C。

22. A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中A Swiss airplane powered only by energy from the sun left from Abu

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B. It is a non-stop flight around the world. D. It doesn’t include North America.

Dhabi early on March 9. Its creators hope the plane will make the first around-the-world journey without any fuel. The plane is called Solar Impulse 2.（3月9日，一架仅靠太阳能供电的瑞士飞机从阿布扎比起飞。它的创造者希望这架飞机能进行第一次无燃料环球飞行。这架飞机被称为太阳动力2号。）可知，本文讲述的是一架太阳能飞机将环游世界。故选A。

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