听力题
一、预测技巧
1.根据对话预测
听简短对话时,根据wh-或how问题对听力内容进行预测: (1) Who are the two speakers?
(2) Where did the conversation take place? (3) When did the speakers have the conversation? (4) What did they plan to do? (5) How will they carry out the plan? 2.根据语篇预测
听篇幅较长的短文材料时,按下列问题展开预测: (1)What is the topic of the passage? (2)Who is the speaker?
(3)What fact did the speaker offer? (4)What fact did the speaker fail to offer? 3.根据首句预测
英语听力的第一句话通常透露整篇的主题
,要善于抓住听力材料的首句信息。例如
:Some
13 million European children under 18 use the Internet for school work.我们可以预测的信息范围是:
(1)这是一篇关于使用网络做功课的话题。(2)涉及的对象是18岁以下的孩子。4.根据选项预测。
在播放英语听力前,考生要快速浏览题目及选项在听的过程中抓住透露双方关系的信息点
”从首句
,预测该对话是侧重于说话人什么身份,
,从而把握听力的方向。
例如:What is the relationship between the speakers? (A)Husband and wife. (B)Waiter and customer. (C)Student and teacher
二、识别技巧
1.识别说话人身份的关键词通过关键词判断出对话者的身份
,就能有目的性地集中注意力。如:I just can’t believe
you are a teacher,Tom. I remember in high school, you always wanted to be a policeman. 如果考生抓住该对话中的关键词
high school,
那么他会意识到这是两个老同学之间的对话。
’d like to guide 这段话的关键词
又如:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen . Welcome to this city. Iyou in the amazing park and share the wonderful moments with you. 是guide, park,
由此考生可以推断说话人是导游。听力材料中常见的说话人身份词
boss—employee, waiter—customer,doctor—
有:husband—wife, teacher—student, patient, parents
—kid, classmates
—roommates,shop assistant--customer
2.识别会话场合的关键词
捕捉到关于场合的关键词,熟悉语言环境,就能判断出会话的主题、说话人之间关系。如果对话中出现
price,dollars
等词,对话就可能发生在
商店;而treatment,headache,
medicine等词,会话人就可能是医患关系。笔者在教学过程中指导学生记忆并积累有关不同场合的词,如机场或者旅馆的关键词:check in行李,book a room航班 ,stewardess
预定房间,double room乘务员。
办理登记手续check out结账后离开,luggage
护照,flight
双人房,passenger乘客 ,passport
3.识别数字信息词
听力材料中可能涉及年、月、日、价格、数量、基数词、序数词、分数、小数、百分比等,这就要求考生学会捕捉数字信息词-teen,?-ty,
,熟悉数字之间的关系:
,同时要注意数词的易混尾音
听力内容中有关数字信息词有
减价:20% off,special offer,special price,25% discount 原价:regular price,normal price 增长:10% increase in
…, 1/3 climb in
…
下降:23% fall in…, 5.5% decrease in…
三、速记技巧
听力答题离不开记忆,当内容涉及的人物关系较复杂、数词较多时的记录,不必把所听到的内容全部写下来力中可用以下的速记技巧:
1.速记符号
例如:↑up,↓down,←left,2.字母的独特缩写
运用一些只需要自己明白的字母搭配来表示相应的信息回忆,例如: ex—expensive, lg
→right,=equal
,考生必须用笔做简速
,要运用符号、字母等,储存听力信息,帮助回忆,在听
,方便自己对听力内容的联想和
—large,eq—earthquake, yd—yesterday
四、时间运用技巧
合理而有技巧地运用时间,细心审题、针对性地听题,考生在高考时就会临场不慌,正常发挥,考试时可运用以下技巧:
1.充分利用试卷发下之后听力播放之前的时间测。
2.在听力播放过程中先在试卷上答题再转涂到答题卡上。
3.对于没有听清的试题采取及时放弃的原则
,随意选择一个选项,把注意力集中到下一题,
,不可停留在已播放的前一
,以节省时间浏览下一题的卷面信息
,在听力结束后
,阅读听力试题和选项,对听力内容进行预
一定要抢在下一题播放之前细读下一道题的题目及全部选项内容题那里冥思苦想。
当然,掌握听力的解题技巧固然对提高听力成绩有很大帮助
,但它绝不是决定因素。听力
,扎实
水平的提高,要靠长期艰苦的训练才能获得。我们坚信,只要我们能注重平时的基础训练练好基本功,掌握科学、合理的听力技巧,就一定能在高考英语听力中得心应手。
选择题
1. 找准关键词语
有时题干中带有对解题起着关键作用的词语，如果能迅速找准这些词语，再结合各选项的意义和特点，就能很快选出正确答案。例如：The Foreign Minister said, peace.”
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
解析：在名词性从句中，that既无词义，也不作句子成分，连接一个句子成分完整的陈述句。根据句意和句子结构，特别是
that的暗示，可判断题干为一个含有主语从句的复合句，句首
that从句，故最佳答案为D。
“_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards
的it为形式主语，真正的主语为其后的2. 分析句子结构
有些试题的考点本来十分简单，但命题者却通过使用定语从句，或者将我们熟悉的固定词组有意拆分，重新组合，使我们在结构上产生错觉，出现迷惑。这时，我们只要保持清醒的头脑，仔细分析句子的结构，就会拨开迷雾。例如：We keep in touch _____ writing often. A. with B. of C. on D. by
解析：许多同学根据 keep in touch with
（与……保持联系）这一搭配推断出此题应选
D，by 表示方式，by writing
A。意
但是选A错了，因为套此搭配此句意思不通，正确答案应是
为“通过写信”，全句意为“我们通过经常写信保持联系”。请再看两例：(1) We’ve talked a lot _____ cars. What about trains? A. of B. with C. about D. in 解析：由于受 a lot of
这一常用结构的影响，许多同学毫不犹豫地选了
即为动词 talk
A，但是错了。原
是不及物动
因是：若选 of，a lot of cars 词。正确答案是C，句中的a lot
的宾语，但事实上，动词 talk
的状语，talk about
?”
是修饰动词 talked 才是一个动词短
语。全句意为“我们对汽车已谈了不少，现在谈谈火车怎么样(2) We all regarded the poor old man ____sympathy. A. as B. with C. of D. by 解析：许多同学一看到句中的
regard 和选项中的 as，马上就联想到 regard … as …
A。错了，原因是将此搭配套入原句，句
（把……看作……）这一搭配，从而断定此题应选
子意思不通。正确答案是3. 适当转换句式
B，句意为“我们大家都很同情这位老人”。
有时将题干的句式转换成自己更熟悉的句式，就很容易选出正确答案。比如将疑问句、强调句、感叹句或倒装句改为陈述句，将被动句改为主动句，无序句调整为正常句。例如：—Mr. Wang, whom would you rather _____ the important meeting? —Tom.
A. have attend B. have attended C. having attend D. have to attend
解析：若将疑问句改为陈述句，就是I would rather have Tom attend the important meeting. 其中would rather4. 补全省略成分
口语中常常会使用一些省略句，做题时若将被省略的成分补充完整，答案就会一目了然。例如：
—What do you think made Mary so upset? — _____ her new bike.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
解析：将答句补全，就是 _____ her new bike made Mary so upset,名词短语作主语。5. 删除干扰部分
就是将起干扰作用的定语从句、介词短语或插入语，如think / suppose / believe, you know, of course例如：
It is the ability to do the job _______matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
解析：去掉题干中的not where you come from or what you areThe ability to do the job matters. 显然最佳答案为B。6. 利用对称结构
把主语The ability
，题干即为是一个简单句：放在强调结构中，即变为题干，I think / suppose / believe, do you 等删除，从而更容易地选出正确答案。
显然，只能选C，用动
后必须接动词原形，have sb. do sth.
是“要某人做某事”。所以选A。
就是在做题过程中要善于利用and，but等并列连词。若前面是个句子，后面也必定是个句子，
反之亦然；若连接的是几个动词，这几个动词也必定是同一时态或同一形式。例如：—English has a large vocabulary, hasn
’t it?
—Yes. _____ more words and expression_rs and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
解析：因为第二个and后面是一个句子，所以前面也必定是一个句子，但前面这个句子没有主语，只能选用动词原形，构成一个祈使句，因此，正确答案是
A。又如：
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _______ some bananas and visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
解析：因为and后面是过去式visited，前面也必定是动词的过去式，所以正确答案是7. 注意标点符号
标点有时对我们做题有提示作用，不同的标点可能导致选不同的答案，同学们做题时，一定要小心。例如：
There are eight tips in Dr. Roger
’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is:_____to
A。
bed early unless you think it is necessary. A. doesn’t go B. not to go C. not going D. don解析：此题很容易选
’t go
Dr. Roger讲
B，认为是用不定式作表语。其实，冒号已经表明后面是
D才构成一个否定形式的祈使句。
的原话，这原话应当是个句子，只有选8. 熟记固定搭配
在平时的学习中注意积累一些常见的固定句式、动词与副词的搭配、名词与形容词的搭配等等，对做题十分有利。例如：
Mr. Smith used to smoke _______ but he has given it up. A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly 解析：因为指烟瘾或酒瘾很重，要用
heavy或heavily，所以要选B。此外，雨雪下得“大”、
heavy。
烟雾“浓”、交通“拥挤”、波涛“汹涌”等，也用10. 检查有无谓语
有时看似有两个句子，于是就选连词，正好掉进命题人设计的陷阱。事实上，有时貌似句子
的“句子”却没有谓语，其中的动词只是一个非谓语动词（多为分词）He wrote five novels, two of _____ translated into English. A. it B. them C. which D. that 解析：此题很容易误选答案
C，以为后面是非性定语从句。事实上，
。例如：
translated是过去
前
分词，而不是谓语动词，后面不是句子，无需连词，所以正确答案是加上were，were translated11. 查看有无连词
就是谓语，这时就选连词
which了。
B。若在translated
若经查实，前后的确是两个句子，就要看其中的一个分句是否已经用了连词。若已经有连词，一般不再用连词；若还没有用连词，就一定要选连词。例如：
If an excellent Chinese novel is translated into English, _____ means many more people in the world can enjoy it. A. as B. which C. what D. that 解析：因为前句已经有连词
if，所以选答案D，that指前句所述内容。若没有
if，就选B，
which引导一个非性定语从句。12. 识别相似句型
有的句型十分相似，若不仔细分辨，明察秋毫，很容易出错。例如：_____ is known to everybody, light travels much faster than sound. A. It B. As C. That D. What
解析：此题选B，as引导一个非性定语从句，先行词是后面整个句子。若将逗号改为that，就选A，it是形式主语，that引导主语从句；若接着又在what引导的是主语从句，that引导的是表语从句。13. 正确把握语境
有时孤立地看留空格的那个句子，好像多个答案都可以，但与上下句的意思联系起来，就会发现问题。因此，做题时一定要正确把握语境。例如：I agree with most of what you said, but I donA. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing 解析：此题很容易误选
B，因为这是个否定句。若选
B，I don’t agree with anything.，这就与前一分句的意思发生矛盾了。正
就
’t agree with _____.
that前加上一个is，则应选D，
等于I agree with nothing (of what you said)确答案应该是A。
14. 分析逻辑关系
根据复合句和并列句的知识，句子与句子之间有着不同的逻辑关系，或是从属关系，或是并列关系。从句子的意义和逻辑关系来看，从句可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、目的、比较、方式等，句子之间还可以是限定关系、同位关系、并列关系、递进关系、让步关系、转折关系等。分析句子之间的逻辑关系的主要依据是句意和上下文之间的逻辑。如：I don’t mind drop in at your house when in town._____, the walk will do me good. A. Sooner or later B. Still C. In time D. Besides 解析：根据句意，第二个分句表示递进关系，用15. 排除错误答案
在比较几个选项时，可以先排除明显错误的选项，尽而逐渐排除其他错误项，找到最佳答案。Before the operation, the doctor had to talk to the patient in order to remove her fear ______ she might die during the operation. A. when B. that C. which D. so that
解析：从两个分句之间的关系判断，没有因果关系，可先排除不缺少句子成分，又排除了定语从句即选项
so that；由于第 2 个分句中
Besides。故最佳答案为 D。
A和C，只有B为最佳答案。fear 之后的that
引导同位语从句，对fear的内容进行补充和说明。
阅读理解
(一)主旨题
1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结. 2.主旨题的解题技巧
*不管它出现在文章的什么位置解有帮助
*着重理解首末段,首末句
*主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕3.主旨题的注意事项:
*段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句
,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理
*作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨
*首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨*提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short
等等
4.选项特点:
正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统
(二)作者观点和态度题
1.作者态度题的解题技巧
*作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案*漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心
*不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度*当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度
*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联[注]新趋势:
*不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度*选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度的词
*一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic*
持
有
保
留
态
度
的
比
较
客
观
,常
常
是
正
确
选
如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent
等
(三)词义/句义题
1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思2.词义题的解题技巧:
*根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则
<1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思
<2>不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思
等项
,
*正确选项不是熟词的常规含义3.猜测词义的方法:
*构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义
*词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测
*找同义词,同释,反义词,反释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法义
*找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构置的词去推测4.句义题的解题技巧
*正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语
,而是使用不肯定语气或意释深刻
,找出其中和生词处于同一位
,由此推断其含
*含原文词或短语越多,就越不可能是正确选项
(四)推理引申题
1.推理引申题的选项特点与答题技巧干扰项的特点
*只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理
*看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等*根据考生已有的常识是正确的*推理过头,引申过渡正确选项的特点
*不是文中明确说明的内容,没有引申推理就不是正确选项*正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项[注意]
*注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句生有推理的余地
*注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子在
.考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透
,也是命题点所
,它们往往采用说半句,打比喻,反着说的方式,让考
,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准
(五)事实细节题
1.事实细节题的选项特点正确选项特点
*一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案语或句型表达相同的意思
题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值体现中心思想,一篇试题的细节与主旨直接关联干扰选项的特点*部分正确,部分错误
*是原文信息,但是不是题目要求的内容*符合常识,但不是文章内容
*与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动2.事实细节题的解题技巧*主旨与细节是相辅相成的
,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用
.同样,对具体细节有较为
,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样
,而是用不同的词
全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题*文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现
,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,
时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体
*看细节内容要\\\"跳出来\\\"看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识什么主题服务
*坚决遵循\\\"本本主义\\\文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题
,然后判断这个细节为
完形填空
1、充分利用首句信息完形填空题首句往往不设空，往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，要充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维。
2、多角度的逻辑推理完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程，必须把握作者的思
路，通过联想、推测等方法，多换角度去思考问题，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。
3、从上下文寻找线索通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年高考试题逐渐摈弃单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格而言，体现了以实词为主、虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中所表达的陷含信息大都无法只凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面理解获知。因此，只有借助于上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定才能够准确作出判断。
4、利用语法分析解题对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。对于这种题，要针对地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。
5、利用文化背景和生活常识解题做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常
识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺理成章地选出正确的答案。
6、习惯用法和词语辨析对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析
两个方面。习惯用法是英语中某些固定的结构形态，不能随意变动。而在众多的习语当中，介词往往扮演最活跃的角色，其次是副词。词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势，多为常用词、词组。
7、语篇标志的利用语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，如：表示结果层次的语篇标志firstly
， secondly， thirdly
， finally
等；表示逻辑关系的有thus， therefore
，
so 等；表示改变话题的有by the way等；表示时间关系的有later系。
before， so far， yet， now，
等。如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关
写作
(1)写记叙文时要有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素，写作的时候要明白清楚地写出来。写人物时，要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等。叙事时要描写事情发生的经过与发展的结果，写清楚事情发生的前因后果等。
(2)写议论文时要求考生就某一方面的问题通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来阐述自己的看法。议论文应由论点、论据、论证三部分构成。
(3)高考英语应用文主要以写信为主。写英文书信要注意它们的书写格式，格式一定要正确。英文书信主要由
6个部分组成，即：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签字。信
的正文和写文章一样，要分段落写，每一段要有一个中心思想。在写作中，首先，要根据试题里的“提示”确定一个写作中心，再根据这个中心，列出写作提纲，提纲一定要包含所提供的情景要点，同时要尽量使用自己熟悉的词汇与句型。然后，用自己熟悉的词汇与句型扩展成篇。自己不熟悉的词汇与句型能换则换，一定不要用，以免用错扣分。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题。千万不要写那些与主题无关的内容。扩展时要注意短文的字数，要写够词语，以避免由于字数不够引起的扣分。也不要扩展得太多，字数达到要求既可，以免浪费时间或出现更多的错误而扣分。
那么，在最后的冲刺时间里，不管是什么类型的文章，在具体的写作过程中，我们均可以按如下四大步骤进行强化训练，从而提高写作技巧，解决问题：
步骤一：认真审题立意，确定写作中心。找出根据这个中心能够扩展的材料有哪些，要避免那些与中心内容无关的细节。
以命题作文“The Classmate I Admire Most”为例，文章的主题是关于记叙我最欣赏的一位同学，因而就不能泛泛谈论这位同学的家庭关系、社会背景等，而要紧紧抓住这位同学身上能够吸引你的地方展开去。
步骤二：围绕中心，列出写作提纲。提纲一定要包含所提供的情景、要点，同时尽量使用自己熟悉的词汇与句型。仍以“
The Classmate I Admire Most
”为例，提纲可以这样写：
100个
① Who is the Classmate I admire most? ② My reasons.
(Some Examples)
。
③ What can I learn from the classmate
步骤三，根据字数要求，扩展成篇。有几个可以遵循的规律，供大家参考：
1、在整篇文章中，努力避免只是用一、两个句式。要灵活运用各种句式。如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等。
2、使用不同长度的句子，通过分句和合句，增强句子地连贯性和表现力。
3、改变句子的开头方式，不要一味以主、谓、宾、状的次序，可以把状语置于句首，或用分词等。
4、学会使用关联词。如：
①递进关系： furthermore；moreover；further；In this way ；stillalso...
； not...but...
； in addition (to)
；etc。
； not only...but
②转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；etc。
③归纳总结类：in other words；on the whole; in sum; therefore；hence；in short；to sum up；in conclusion; in summary
；etc。
；moreover；naturally; ；etc。
rather; neither ...
what is more
④强调关系：in fact; especially；particularlyimportant； in reality
； indeed; in particular
⑤对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding;
。；either...
nor; although; though; but; however; etc
⑥并列关系： and; also; as well as⑦先后次序关系：at this time; first; last but not least
；to begin with
，or...；both...and... etc。
second; at last; previously; simultaneously;
；etc。
。。。
⑧结果关系：accordingly; thus; consequently; thereupon; etc⑨顺序关系： at the outset
，following this; at this time; etc
⑩重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said; etc5、尽量避免重复使用同一单词或词组。
步骤四、利用最后的时间做“机械性”写作练习，强化记忆。例如：常用的应用文如通知、书信等都有其固定的格式及写作技巧，读懂具体内容，然后把内容套进特定的格式中去，就是一篇条理清楚的书面表达了。比方说：通知要掌握：
①通知的对象、地点、时间及要做的事情；②要注意的事项；③写上“Don’t be late
”或“Be on time”(口头通知前还要写上
Boys and girls
或
Ladies and gentlemen，may I have your attention
例如：
， please？等一类句子)。
Class 1 and Class 2 are going to plant trees on Western Hills. We’ll take a to go there. Please bring lunch and water with you. Remember to wear old clothes as we’ll do a lot of hard work. Weclock. Don’t be late
。
’ll meet in front of the school gate at nine o
bus
’
◆强调句：可以轻松地将时间、地点、原因、方式等类型的状语从句转变为强调句。
It was not until I arrived home that I realized I had left the bag
on the shop counter.
It was then that I realized the importance of English.
◆倒装句：只要句中有介词短语或状语从句，便可将其提前，变成倒装句。
Only when I me.
turned right at the crossing did that car crack towards
Only by this means can he escape from the big fire.
◆with引导的伴随结构：可以将状语从句或并列句中的其中一个分句变成with结构。
With the sun lighting to
school
in
high
brightly spirits
and the birds singing clearly, I went
He always likes to sleep with the windows open.
◆巧妙地使用非谓语动词：可以将状语从句或并列的动词简化为非谓语动词。
Hearing s wife nking.
that, quickly
the driveradded that
her husband often
……)
talked
nonsense after
’dri
(低级形式：When he heard that,
◆恰到好处的被动句：适合应用于较简短的句子，这样显得语言简洁生动，宾语一般是nothing、anything、everything
等不定代词。
Searched all my pockets, but nothing was found。
◆感叹句：通常用于开头结尾活跃文章气氛，凡是“可如此改造。
I feel ……”之类表达感情的句子皆
How terrible I felt today! I failed again in the math exam.
◆高级定语从句：若定语从句中的动词带有介词，只需将介词移至先行词后。
We came to a place to which they had never paid a visit before.
◆进行时态：有时会含有一定情绪，尤其要使用always这样的富含感情色彩的副词。
I am always feeling terrible when I take a bus.
◆婉转表达：需要使用幽默的技巧，主要用于漫画型作文题。
I could find nothing but bad luck when I returned the shop after le
arning that my handbag had been left on the counter.
◆what引导的名词性从句：将动宾结构转化为此结构。
What he gave me, which I t
also
a heart
full
of
knew, were not only a Christmas present in
it.
bu
love and a mind of my existence
◆“数词+名词”变为“as many as+数词+名词”。
As many as ten years ago, my hometown used to be covered by forests
◆适当加一些不关痛痒的插入语：一些连词、副词可以放到句子中间充当语气较弱的插入语，如
I
guess、however、in
generally
speaking,
a way、certainlybelieve
it
、in
my opinion、probably、besides,
what’s more等，
briefly, or not,
有时可以考虑几个插入语连用，就更像英美人士的文章了。
◆主格：将主从句去掉连词，前句动词变为分词即可。
The weather being fine, Western Hills.
a large number of people went to climb the
◆把简单句改成复合句：适当的时候把两个简单句改成“等高级一点的复合句。例如：
too….to…”或者“so…that…”
I I I
was very tired. I that to
couldn’t I
couldn
keep up with ’
t them.
them.我们可以改成：
them.
或
：
was so tired was too tired
keep up with
keep up with
高考英语知识串讲
第1讲
一、Language Points 1.
share
v. 分享、合用：share sth with sb n. 一份，股份spare
a. 业余的，备用的：spare time, a spare tire
v. 抽出，匀给：spare me five minutes/
spare one of sandwiches for the boy
spare no efforts
：不遗余力
spare no expense：不惜工本save 2. 3.
argue
v. 节省，救出
He felt lucky to have survived the war.
with sb about/over sth就某事争论for/against sth
：赞成/反对…
：说：和某人
Sb into/out of (doing) sth服某人做/不做某事
4.
have/make/let/see/watch/listen to +宾+宾补(do/doing/done) get sb to do sth
have+宾+宾补(to do/to be done) 5
So+同一主语+助动词
.
So/neither/nor+So it is/was with+6. 7.
should/ought
to/need/could/might/would+do/have done
except/but/except that/except wh-clause besides/in addition apart from but for=without 8.
The first time+For the first time
从句
：作时间状语
完
for/except
助动词+另一主语
另一主语
It’s the first time+that-clause(成时) the first+9.
most
+n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the) mostly: 主要地（状）10.
be equal to (doing) sth事
equal sth：与…相等be equal to sth
：与…相等of
most
名词+to do
the
：胜任(做)某
equal sb in sth11.
：在…方面与某人匹敌
compare…to/with…
compared to/with…12.
several/two +n.(pl.)
(many) dozens of a
great
many
of
dozen/hundred
a great many
+the/these/those+n.(pl.) seveal/two dozen of +pron. 13.
too much+n.(u.) too many+n.(pl.) 14.
come about(定句) happen(
表示偶然、碰巧之意)
多表示有组织、有计主要用于疑问句、否
没有被动态
much too+adj/adv(原级)
sth+ take place(划) break 的爆发)
out(指战争、灾害、疾病等
occur(与happen通用)
…：
It occurs to sb that/to do某人突然想起…15.
to do
：表将来
n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase
With+宾+宾补 doing：表正在进行 Done
：表过去
it be”和“that”去掉，原句通顺则是强调句，
16. 强调句型的判断方法：如果将句子中的“否则就不是强调句。例：
It was in the street that I met an old friend yesterday. 二、语法专题──名词的考点
1. 考查可数名词和不可数名词，尤其是许多不可数名词在一定情况下变为可数名词。2. 考查名词的格，即3. 名词作定语。
4. 名词及名词短语的辨析。5. 名词与介词，冠词，动词的搭配。三、题型归纳──辨析型单项填空1. 名词的辨析
名词的辨析首先要注意名词单复数的意义区别，
如parent指父亲或母亲，而parents指父母
’s所有格，of所有格或双重所有格。
双亲；people指人们，而a people指民族。其次注意可数与不可数时的意义区别，如: exercise指锻炼；而exercises指练习题或练习操；再次，注意同义名词或近义名词的区别，如:: event指发生的重大事件、体育项目；注意近形词的区别，如: clothclothing
衣服(总称)。
incident
指偶发事件；而accident指意外事件。最后还要
指布；cloths指各种不同用途的布；clothes指衣服(复数)，
2. 动词的辨析
对于动词的辨析，首先要了解动词的及物与不及物，如
: reply
意为“回答，答复”后面接
名词时需接介词to, 此时为不及物动词；后接从句时，则为及物动词。其次是要弄清动词的
词义区别，如: advise与persuade, 前者指劝说、劝告，强调过程；而后者指说服，强调结果。最后还要区别各种非谓语动词间的意义和用法：动词的
v-ing形式表示正在进行或伴随
的动作；v-ed形式表示完成或被动；to do形式表示即将进行的动作等。3. 形容词、副词的辨析
对于形容词、副词，一是要注意近义词间的区别，如指对问题的反应快；wise指选择的正确等。此外，如interesting
与interested; exciting
: clever
指对问题处理的圆滑；bright
与powerful;
:
wide与broad; strong
与excited等。二是注意同形的形容词和副词，如
close作形容词时意为“亲密的”；作副词时意为“接近，靠拢”。三是注意同根副词的区别，如: hard与hardly, 前者指猛烈地、努力地；而后者意为几乎不。四是注意副词形式的形容词，如: friendly, lovely, lively词的位置区别，如: present+n.4. 介词的辨析
对介词的辨析要从两方面入手，一是介词的词义，如
: across, through, past, over
为动
实际上是形容词，切不可当作副词使用。五是注意形容与n.+present，前者指当前的；而后者指在场的。
作介词，across强调从表面横过，越过；through强调从空间穿过；past强调从侧面、旁边经过；over强调从空中越过而不接触，也可以表示越过一段距离、空间等。此外，如over, on; with, by; of, to; to, for5. 连词的辨析
连词的区别主要在于：一是连词的意义，如：whether与if; though, as
when, while
与as; because, since
与for;
的区别。
above,
与although等。二是注意时间名词短语转化而成的连词，如：
…time; the moment; the minute
: directly,
等，它们都可作连
等。
every/each time; the first/second
词，连接从句。三是注意副词转化而成的连词，如四是注意连词的词序，如: only if了”。6. 代词的辨析
代词的辨析包括不定代词，如称代词，如: one, it, thatprep.+which/whom等。
与if only,
immediately, instantly
前者意为“只要”，后者意为“要是…就好
: other, others, the other, the others, another等和关系代词，如: which
与that; which
等；人
与as; whose与
1. Does the teacher____ you to go home this weekend? A. allow
B. consent C. agree
D. approve
2. After the big fire, the house was completely____. A. ruined
B. destroyed
C. damaged D. spoiled
3. The hunter said he was lucky to get out of the forest____. A. living
B. alive
C. lively
D. live
4. ____ talking with his Grandma, he went away without saying a word. A. Tiring with
B. Tiring of
C. Tired with
D. Tired of
5. It’s necessary to have some____ knowledge for this job. A. electric
B. electrical
C. elctron
D. electricity
6. The photo____ on the wall was taken in Beijing last year. A. hang
B. hanging
C. hung
D. hanged
7. On New Year’s Day, people, especially girls, always wear new____-new hats, new coats, new trousers and new shoes. A. clothes
B. clothing
C. cloth
D. cloths
8. He stays up____ in the evenings to go online to get the____ information. A. late, latest
B. lately, last
C. late, last
D. latest, latest
’t know it either.
9. ____ is it to ask her about her about that? She doesnA. What good
B. How good C. What a good D. How much good
10. ____ I had done it I knew I had made a mistake. A. Hardly
B. Directly
C. mostly
D. Nearly
11. It is said you went to see Jenny yesterday. What has become___ her? A. from
B. of
C. into
D. /
12. Who do you think will be allowed____ there tomorrow? A. visit
B. to visit
C. visiting
D. visited
13. Today we can either fly to Hainan Island or take a ship___ the sea. A. in
B. across
C. from in
D. across from
14. You wil find what great benefit the computer you own can be____ each time you use it to help you work. A. for
B. of
C. at
D. on
15. I thought he was not____ of a professor the first time I heard him speaking to
the children at the platform in the hall of our school. A. something
B. anything
C. somebody
D. anybody
16. We’ve missed the last bus. IA. way
B. choice
’m afraid we have no____ but to take a taxi.
D. selection
C. possibility
17. ____ students have graduated from this school in the last twenty years. A. Tens of thousands ofC. Tens in thousands
B. Tens upon thousands of D. Ten thousands of
18. The farmers plan to produce three times____ in the year before last to meet the increasing need of the people. A. of crop as much this year as C. as more crop this year as
B. as much crop this year as
D. much crop this year than
19. I think the house is____ large for a family of four people and the price is very reasonable. A. too
B. rather
C. fairly
D. a little
20. His mother dislikes him, for he____ lies. A. tells
B. is always telling
C. has told
D. always told
1-5 ABBDB 6-10 BBAAB 11-15 BBDBB 16-20 BABCB
第2讲
一、Language points 1. sb./sth.+adj/n
sb./sth.+to consider(
以为，认为)＋ sb./sth.+as
do
that-clause n. consider(
考虑)＋ doing
疑问词+to do sth
“把…当作…”的译法：consider…as =think
of/look
on/take/regard/treat/have2. to do A way+ of doing (that/in which)+ A method of doing sth by means
…as
定语从句
this
You can solve the problem+ with this method
in this way
by means of:通过…方式，以…手段by this/that means:方式
by all means:答）当然行，请 by no means:句首时用倒装）3. protect
…(from) doing sth
…(from) doing sth 决不，一点也不（用于务必，一定；（用于回
通过这种/那种
prevent/stop keep keep
…from doing …doing
…
under the potection of4. as well as well as
might/may as well=had better 5. to do specially+ for-phrase especially 6. along the river:
沿着河流
over the river:在河的正上方
through the forest:穿过森林
by the river:在河边 on the bank:
在河岸上
7. follow the instructions follow one’s advice
as follows
8. be responsible to sb for sth 9. n.
doing/to do sth sb to do sth prefer+ sth to sth doing A to doing B to do A rather than do sth that sb (should) do sth 10.
n.+after
+n.=one +n. +after another
一个接一个（强调动作的重复）
n. +by +n.: 一个接一个（强调动作
的变化）
tree after tree/day by day 11. say “hi” to sb. Please remember me to
sb.
向“某人”问好 Send my regards to sb. Send the best wishes to sb.
12. 主+be +adj. +to do:
不定式一般用主动式，与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时，则应在其后加上适当的介词。
主+be +adj. +to do= It be +adj.+ (for/of sb) +to do sth eg. This question is difficult to answer.
=It’s difficult to answer the question. The man is hard to work with.=It
’s hard to work with the man.
当不定式用作定语时，与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语为该动作的执行者时，也常常用主动形式。Eg. He wants water to drink. She has a room to live in.
I will go to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 二、语法专题──冠词的考点
1. 考查冠词的一些基本用法，例如：复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词；单数名词表类指；a/an+单数名词表泛指。2. 考查冠词的习惯用法。如：in case of fire, leave college
等。
be wounded in the leg, on the telephone,
the+
3. 考查冠词的活用。如：抽象名词的具体化，a success; a/an+专有名词表泛指，an Edison。4. 考查零冠词的用法。
三、题型归纳──结构型单项填空
结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等，从而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱对句子的判断。
1.有省略的复合句。由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，
状语产生误解。
2.标点符号的影响。由于受汉语习惯的影响，往往会因为句子中的标点符号，弄错句子的结
构。
3.插入语的影响。有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分，而使句子显得支离破碎，造成对句子
结构的误解。
4.倒装句型的基本结构：(1)完全倒装；(2)部分倒装：1）在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中；2）
so/neither/nor+do/be/have/
情态动词＋主语；3）当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略
if时，
导致对不定式作
were, had, 和should应置于句首，采用倒装结构；4）表示祝愿的句子：may+主语+动词原形；5）as, though引导让步状语从句时：提前部分
+as+主语+谓语动词；6）表示否定
意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首；主句应采用倒装结构，而从句仍用正常语序；
7）当not until+时间状语从句置于句首时，8）not only…but also…连接两个句子时，
第一个句子采用倒装结构，第二个句子不采用倒装结构；9）no sooner…tham…, hardly…when…, scarcelysooner, hardly
…when…都表示“一…就…”，强调过去的两个动作接连发生，当和scarcely置于句首时，主句常把
no
had置于主语之前，采用倒装结构，
但从句不倒装。 10）only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时，常采用倒装，但only+主语则不应采用倒装；
11）在so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句中，将
so+adj./adv.或such置于句首时，其主句常采用倒装结构。5.强调句型，感叹句，并列句的应用。
6.主格结构。1) n+to do; 2) n+doing; 3) n+done; 4)n+prep.+n.; 5) n+adj/adv; 6)n+n;
7) with+n+to do/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n. 1. He said he would do what he could____ us. A. help
B. to help
C. helping
D. helped
2. He spent all the money he had____ that dictionary. A. buy
B. to buy
C. buying
D. bought
3. There are more than three thousand students in my school, most of____ from the country. A. that
B. which
C. whom
D. them
4. It is his cleverness, not his strenth, ____ defeated his rival. A. that
B. which
C. what
D. who
5. The way you think of_____ our living conditions sounds reasonable. A. improve
B. to improve
C. improving
D. improvement
6. I feel strongly that whatever you____ matter to me. A. don’t
B. do doesn’t
C. don’t do
D. doesn’t do
7. Is this school____ you studied in two years ago? A. that
B. when
C. it
D. the one
8. Please tell me the way thought of____ the garden. A. take care of C. taking care of
B. to take care of D. how to take care of
9. Mr Wang was much disappointed to see the washing machine he had had____ went wrong again. A. it repaired
B. to be repaired
C. repaired
D. repairing
10. We will do everything we can____ our city. A. to save
B. save
C. saving
D. saved
11. The air quality in Beijing as well as in the neighboring cities we once spent much time____ better and better. A. in getting B. having got
C. in is getting
D. has got
for the wall newspaper?
12. Who did the teacher, as well as the monitor, ____ an article A. has write
B. has written
C. have write
D. have written
13. What do you consider____ to her? A. to happen
B. happening
C. happened
D. happens
14. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to____ some schools for poor children. A. set up
B. setting up
C. have set up
D. having set up
15. To his joy, the day he looked forward to____ at last? A. coming
B. come
C. came
D. have come
16. How long do you think it is____ she arrived here? A. when
B. that
C. before
D. since
1-5 BCDAB 6-10 BDBCA 11-16 CCCBCD
第3讲
一、Language points 1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb: owe sth to sb/sth: owing to
…: 由于…
…lot
+of
欠某人某物
将…归功于…
＝thanks to/because of/due to2.
think
highly/poorly/little/a
sb/sth
speak highly/well/badly +of sb/sth
sing high praise for sb/sth 3. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb for (doing) sth excuse sb for (doing) sth forgive sb for (doing) sth pardon sb for (doing) sth 4. make an impression on sb have an impression of sth impress sth on/upon one5.serve in the army on the office
serve the people/the dish serve sb with sth=serve sth to sb serve as the chairman 6.make jokes about:
＝make a joke about laugh at:
嘲笑
开某人的玩笑
戏
取笑，拿…开玩笑
’s mind
have a joke with sb:
play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 弄 in joke:
闹着玩，开玩笑
7. to do It
’s time+ for sth
For sb to do sth That-clause8. the one/ones:些 one: 泛指
替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表
（一般过去时）
替代同类事物中特指一个或一
it: that: 可数名词9. none:
指上文提到的同一个事物
替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不
用来回答how many/how much引导的问
句，常与of连用
no one: 只能指人，用来回答who引导的问句 neither: nothing: 句10. cloth
布(u.): a piece of cloth
表示某种特殊用途的布块（桌布）Wipe up the water with a cloth.
clothes: 的复数名词：
A suit of clothes
用数词修饰，但可用his, my, thse
注：不能直接many, few,
衣服，服装。是一个没有单数形式
：
两者都不，表单数
用于指物，用来回答what引导的问
之类的词修饰，作
主语时谓语动词用复数。
clothing:
服装，衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名词，除衣服外，还包括幌子，手套，鞋袜之类的东西，作主语时谓语动词用单数。A piece of clothing, an artcle of clothing
dress:
指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。
suit: 11. live:
成套的衣服。
活着，有生命的(作定语，主要用来指鸟或其他动物)，实况直播的
lively:
活泼的，有生气的，生动的
alive: 活着的，还有气儿的，是表语形容词，在句中作表语或后置定语
living: 活着，健在的，现行的
12. receive:
收到，接到(客观动作)；accept:
接受，领受(主观意愿)
接受教育、惩罚、支持，遭受不幸，接待客人：只用receive
接受某条件、建议：只用accept
13.turn+adj:
常表示从某种状态向其他状态变
化的自然现象 The weather has turned
much
colder. go+adj:
常表示由好变坏的情况：The milk
went wrong/bad. become+adj: 强调施动者的作用或变化的
结果
Please don’t get angry.
come+adj:
一般表示向好的方面变化。
My dream has come true. 14. 含有插入语的疑问句：
What do you think has happened to him? How do you suppose the film will end? Why do you believe he is unfit for the office?
15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句：疑问部分根据主句确定，但是主句的主语是I/we, think /suppose /believe /hope /imagine /expect /guess /know /feel /be sure /be told时，疑问部分根据从句确定，否定转移时，疑问部分用肯定语气。She think it is a good idea, doesn’t she? I think it is a good idea, isn
’t it?
I don’t think it is a good idea, is it?
谓语是
二、语法专题──代词的考点1. 不定代词：(1)all, others, the others; (3)
any, none, both, either, neither;
(2)another,
other, the other,
复合不定代词：someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something,
anything, everything, nothing. 2. it(1)it
的用法：
作实意代词，代替日期、时间、季节、距离；代替身份不明的人，心目中的人和事以
this, that
。
及代替上文已提到的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况；代替指示代词(2)it
作引导词：作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词和从句；
的用法。
it用于强调句型。
3. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those
4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别，反身代词则要注意和主语一致。三、题型归纳──习语、搭配型单项填空
语言的习惯表达是语言在长期使用过程中的结果，不能随意改变。其表现形式主要在介词短语、名词短语及非谓语动词短语的习惯搭配等方面。习语、搭配型单项填空主要考查对英语习语及搭配的掌握和运用，这就需要在平时多加注意和积累，切不可想当然。
1. 介词后的宾语：介词后面常接名词、代词、动名词作宾语，但是，在考试时要注意一些习惯用法。如：far from satisfied/over; take sth for granted; in hospitalhospital; at sea
与at the sea
。
与in the
2. 冠词的增删：固定搭配中名词前的冠词的有无都是习惯用法，若去掉或增加，都会使其意思发生变化。如：in prisonschool; in possession ofin front of
与in the prison; in bed
与on the bed; in school
与in the
与in the possession of; in charge of
。
与in the charge of;
与in the front of
3. 非谓语动词短语的考查重点：一是非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系；二是非谓语动词与谓语
动词所表示动作的时间先后关系；三是非谓语动词的习惯用法。另外，有些非谓语动词短语已经从非谓语动词短语中游离了出来，而成为表达某种意思的固定搭配。如：
to be true; to
tell you the truth; to be exact; judging by/from; exactly speaking; frankly speaking; compared to/with
等。
doing sth;
4. 动词的搭配。如：mean to do sth/mean doing sth; forget to do sth/forget
be used to doing sth/used to do sth; head for/go to; lend to/borrow from; set about/set out; write down/take down/put down
等。
5. 动词短语。如：have a cold/catch cold; take place/take one6. 短语动词。如：run out/run out of; stick to/keep on; bring in/bring on
’s place等。
等。
等。
7. 形容词短语。如：be strict with/in; different from/in; be careful of/with8. 名词短语。如：the number of/a number of; a knowledge of
等。
1. No matter what you see, don’t take it for____, but use your head to think it over. A. grant
B. granting
C. granted
D. grantness
2. When writing, he often keeps a dictionary____. A. in hand
B. on hand
C. at hand
D. hand in
3. His wife often goes to____ on Sundays. A. church
B. a church
C. the church D. churching
4. It is good for you in your future life____ English. A. have good knowledge of C. to have a good knowledge of
B. to have good knowledge of D. has a good knowledge of
5. ____ what he said, he has been to Australia. A. Judge by
B. Judged by
C. Judging from
D. To judge from
6. She is always ready to help others and asking for nothing____. A. in return
B. in case
C. in addition
D. in turn
7. They held a ceremony____ those killed in the battle. A. instead of B. in favor of
C. by means of
D. in honor of
8. The man____ the shop said we could have two days off. A. in charge of C. take charge of
B. in the charge of D. take the charge of
9. When they got to America, they nearly____ money. A. ran out
B. ran out of
C. ran away
D. ran away from
’s match.
10. Word came that Brown____ the record in yesterdayA. made
B. stroke
C. beat
D. hit
11. Look, little Betty is giving a talk to the children and is____ a teacher. A. somebody of C. something of
B. anybody like D. like anything
12. Mr Wang is very old, but he works like a young man. In deed, I can’t admire him____. A. very much
B. so well
C. too much
D. quite well
1-6 CCACCA 7-12 DABCCC
第4讲
一、Language points 1. sth sth for sth prepare+ for sth to do sth be prepared for be prepared to do sth make preparations for
2.They tied for first place in the game.
We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match. The dog is tied to a tree. 3. affect vt. effect n.
影响效果，作用
have a good/bad effect on in effect
事实上
因果生效，起作用
生效，实行
cause and effect take effect come into effect effort n. without effort make every effort spare no effort3.weigh vt.
努力
毫不费力
尽一切努力不遗余力
称…的重量
vi. 重达…，重量为…
put on weight lose weight by weight
in meters/pounds/calories by
the day/the week/the yard/the
dozen/the ton 4. in
…参加…比赛
…与…竞赛/竞
compete+ with/against争
for赛
5.Where there is a river,
…角逐…，为获取…而竞
there is a city.
Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is life, there is hope. 6. do sth not do sth do sth than do sth would rather+ =would do sth rather than do sth =prefer than do sth
that-clause+ 表现在或将来
had done─表过去
7.do damage to sth
live one’s dream in ruins/in pieces
─
did──
to do sth rather
under
attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment
8.almost: 差距比nearly小。可与never,
no, no one, none,
nobody, nothing, nowhere定词连用，但不能
与not连用。
nearly:
不可与上述否定词连用，但可与
等否
not连用，构成
Not不及…”
二、语法专题──形容词和副词的考点
1. 形容词和副词的辨析：一般无规律可循，只能在于平常时多积累。我们应注意这几点：(1)分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能，即形容词常用作定语，而副词常用作状语；的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能。如therefore
(2)掌握具体
…nearly,
意为“远非…，远
意为“所以”，在句中起关联作用。(3)
-ly，意义不
有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加
太相同，应加以分辨。常见的有：close接近──closely仔细地，密切地；high高──highly高度地；free免费──freely自由地，自如地；late晚，迟──latelydeeply深刻地，深入地；near邻近──nearly几乎； hardmost最──mostly主要地；
wide宽阔──widely广泛地；easy从容地──easily容易地
(4)有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之，有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有：early, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm2. 形容词和副词的词序：
(1)enough用作形容词修饰名词时，可前可后；用作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能位于之后。例：enough time/time enough; strong enough(2)形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置，
。
。
，too large
等。
近来；deep深──
努力地──hardly几乎不；
something important
(3)as, how, so, too修饰单数名词时，其词序为：as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.
a room; how interesting a film; Mike is as clever a boy as Tom(4)such修饰单数名词时，其词序为：是one, some, many, all, no
。
但名词前
。
such+a/an+adj.+n.，such a large room;
等修饰时，其词序为：one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.
(5)多个形容词作定语时的词序为：县官行令宴国才──限定词＋描绘性形容词＋大小、高低等形容词＋新旧＋颜色＋国家、地区＋材料＋用途＋被修饰名词。限定词包括：前位限定词，如：倍数词、分数词及代词、指示代词、所有格及
all, both, half, double
长短、
等；中位限定词，如：冠词、物主
neither,
enough, much,
some, any, no, every, each, either,
little(
whose等；后位限定词，如：基数词，序数词及another, more, less, most, several, least, plenty of序：前位＋中位＋后位＋中心词。
表示少)，few, last, next, other,
等不定量代词；限定词的排列顺
(6)倍数的表示法：A is n times bigger than B. as big as the size of
John has five times as many books as mine. 3. 形容词和副词的比较等级：(1)当A>B时，比较级＋than (2)当A>B，且B包含A时
He is older than any of the other boys(=any other boy) in his class. 当A>B，但B不包含A时
He is richer than any of the people here. I’m taller than any student of your class. (3)比较级＋and＋比较级：表示自身的变化 The＋比较级，the＋比较级：表示随之变化。(4)“否定词＋谓语＋比较级”相当于最高级I’ve never seen a nicer bird than this one.
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
(5)常见的无比较级、最高级的形容词和副词有：cpmparative(ly), particular(ly), 等。
special(ly),
excellent(ly),
extreme(ly),
perfect(ly),
relative(ly), complete(ly)
(6)more+原级+than: 与其说…不如说…。
(7)可以修饰比较级的副词有：any, even, far, much, rather, still, a lot, by far,
但不可加very, many, more, fairly, quite(
yet, a bit, a little,
除外)。
但quite better
4. 形容词和副词的成分区别：
(1)不能作定语的形容词(大多数以a开头)：afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, ill, well,
若要作定语，则分别改用
frightened, similar, living, lone, shy,
sleeping, waking, sick, healthy; 有时这些形容词也可以作定语，但一般作后置定语。
(2)作状语一般用副词，但有时形容词可作伴随状语。He hurried home, full of fear./ All men all created equal. 三、题型归纳──语境、语境＋语法型单项填空
在题干上附加一些语言信息，将词法、句法等知识融入到语境之中，使试题语境化，其特点是：如果单独看空白和选项，各个选项都是正确的。然而，将题干和选项联系起来考虑，就只有一个最佳选项。常见的题型有：(1)对话语境；运用对话语境命题是高考的一种趋势，应该正确理解对话双方的语气、时态、语态，从而确定正确的选项；
(2)句中的语境：有些试题
选项中的一个或几个好像都适用这个问题，但是，根据句子的语境的意义，就可判断出只有一个是最佳答案；(3)动词的时态和语态，情态动词及语气，形容词和副词的级。1. ----Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty? ----Mom, I____ my store room downstairs. A. cleaned B. have cleaned 2. ----I think Gorge doesn
C. was cleaning
D. have been cleaning
’t really care for TV plays.
----Right, ____ he still watches the program. A. and B. but3. If you canA. yet B. even
C. or
D. so
’t come tomorrow, we’ll____ have to hold the meeting next week.
C. rather
D. just
4. I’m going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything____ to your brother there? A. to take
B. to be taken
C. taken
D. take
5. We are sure everything here____ by the time you come back from abroad in a few years.
A. had changed
B. will have changed
C. had been changed D. will have been changed
’m sorry but I
’m unable to answer your call right
6. Hello, you____ 323-65668. Inow.
A. reached B. are reaching
C. have reached D. had reached
7. The meeting is not over, and you____ not leave. A. will
B. shall
C. may
D. need
8. Had I learnt English well, I____ the interview for the job tomorrow. A. would take B. would have taken C. shall take D. could be taken 9. Bob is____ honest boy, and he wonA. most
B. the most
’t tell lies.
D. very much
C. a most
10. With the doctorA. very
B. fairly
’s treatment, Sally feels____ better now.
C. so
D. quite
11. Though the ship sunk, all the people on her____ be resuced. A. could
B. should
C. had to
D. were able to
12. We will all appreciate____ you can come to join us in developing my hometown. A. that if
B. it if
C. it that
D. that when
13. ____ he said to us yesterday____ true? A. What can, was C. Can what, be
B. That can, was
D. Can that, be
14. He told me that he would remember the days in Beijing University forever____ he got much help there from Professor Zhu. A. where
B. which
C. that
D. when
15. ____ is what he did, not what he said, that moved us greatly. A. It
B. This
C. Which
D. As
1-5 DBDBD 6-10 BBACD 11-15 DBCDA
第5讲
一、Language points
1. sth sb with one人的意见 what 说的话) to
：与…一致/符合：同意某人’s idea/opinion
同意某
sb said (观点，所
on’s
plan/arrangement/suggestion agree
同意某人的计划、安排、意见
同意做某事
about/on/upon sth to do sth that-clause 2. of/about sth remind sb to do sth that-clause
提醒
使人回忆起…
3. add…to…：把…加上(在)… add to=increase add up (to)4. success n.(U) succeed successfully ad.
be successful in (doing) sth succeed in doing sth 事
have success in doing sth Sb/sth is a success. 5.be/stay/keep+in touch with
be out of touch with get in touch with
表动作
表状态成功做某
v.
：增添，增进
：加(起来是)，总计达…
成功，(C)成功者/事
successful
a.
lose touch with 6. in case of+
in case+从句 in no case in any case in that case
决不无论如何如果那样短语
7.expensive/cheap
valuable/valueless priceless=very expensive8.respond (vi)+ to with/by响应
resonse (n.) 9.be harmful to sb/sth
do sb/sth harm do harm to sb/sth do sb/sth good do good to sb/sth
10.die out：(家族、物种等)死光，灭绝； ((火)熄灭
die away：(风、声音、光线等)逐渐停止(消失)
die down：(指炉火等)渐熄；(指骚动等)渐平息；(指闹声)消失
die off：先后死去了；…死去
die of：死于内因(如疾病、年老、饥饿、情感等)
die from：死于外因(如损伤、事故、天灾
习俗、做法、观念)消失，过时；
：无价的
…：对…回应
：以…(方式)回答，
等)
11. as a/the result of
as a resultresult from
：由于…
：结果，因此：因…而引起
：导致，致使…
：采取措施
result in=cause
12.take measures to do sth
make clothes to one’s own measure：量体裁衣
13.late：晚，迟，不久前
lately=recently
：近来
last：最后，最后的latest：最近的，最新的
later：后来；结构常为：一段时间＋later：过了…之后14.adapt to sth/sb
：适应某物/某人
：使某物/某人适
adapt sth/sb to sth/sb应某物/某人adapt oneself to
：使自己适应某事
adapt from：根据…改写/改编adapt：指修改或改变以适应新条件 You should adapt yourself t the new environment.
adjust：是指“调整、调节”使之适应 You can’t see through the telescope until it is adjusted to
your eyes
fit：多指“大小适合”，引申为“吻合” The shoes fitted me well.
suit：多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”
等
No dish suits all taste.
match：指“大小、色调、形状、性质等”相配或相称
A red jacket doesntrousers.
adopt sb：收养 sth
：采用
’t match green
15.devote oneself/time/life to
look forward to doing sth be/get used to
stick to/get down to/object to 16.free of charge
for free be free from set sb/sth free
17.by force：靠武力，强行
be in force
：生效
：生效
come/go into force
force one’s way：强行前进或进入18.It’s one’s turn to do sth
干某事
take one’s turn：依次，轮到某人in turn：依次，轮流，反过来，转而by turns：轮流，交替
take turns (at) doing sth/to do sth轮流干某事
二、语法专题──介词的考点1. 常用介词的意义区别
：
：轮到某人
(1)表示时间 at+时间点：在…时刻，在…点钟，在…岁时 on+ in+ by+
某天或某天的某个时间：在某日、星期几、某日早中晚等时间段：在…期间，在…以后，在…时间内时间：在…之前，不迟于…，常与完成时连用
(2)表示方位：in/on/to/off (3)表示部位
on+ the head/shoulder/back/nose in+ the face/ear/stomach/eye: by+ the arm/hand/nose:
：表示拍打较硬或凸形的部位：表示拍打较软或凹形的部位
表示牵、拉、抓某部位
(4)表示之间：between/among (5)表示方式
by：乘…(交通工具)，通过…(方法)，常接无冠词名词或动名词with：以…工具/手段，用身体某部位，常接带冠词的具体某工具in：表示表达的方法、媒介、工具、材料等through：通过…途径/方式/方法(6)表示穿越
through：表示从物体里面穿过，还可表示沿着街道、河流走across：表示从物体表面经过，还可表示横过街道、河流over：表示从物体上方越过，还可表示挎在肩上2. “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句3. with
的复合结构
4. 含有介词的固定搭配①有无冠词，意义不同in front of/in the front of in charge of/in the charge of out of question/out of the question at table/at the table on earth/on the earth ②有无介词，意义不同
know sb.认识某人/know about sb.shoot sb.击中某人/shoot at sb.search sb.搜身/search for sb.believe sb.benefit sb.
了解某人向某人射击搜寻某人
信任某人的人格从某人那里得到益处
相信某人的话/believe in sb.使某人受益/benefit from sb.
③不要画蛇添足serve for the peopleenter into the roomfollow behind me
为人民服务进入房间跟在我后面
at the moment……就…in this/that/last/next year
今年/那年/去年/明年
in one/any/each/every/some/all year 一年/任何一年/每年/每年/某年/全年marry with sb.go to abroadlive in upstairs④不要张冠李戴be caught in the rainleave for someplaceset an example to sbin the directiondo a favor for sbdifferent fromwith the help ofsteal sth from sb⑤别丢三落四drop in on sb
拜访某人（别丢了on）
参观某地（别丢了at）被雨淋着（不用by）动身去某地（不用to）为某人树立榜样（不用
for）
与某人结婚出国
住在楼上
朝着…方向（不用to）帮某人一个忙（不用to）和…不同（不用with）在…的帮助下（不用
under）
偷某人的东西（不用of）
drop in at someplace
look down upon瞧不起（别丢了upon）
think of…as认为…是（别丢了of）
look on…as认为…是（别丢了on）rxplain to sb sthfrom behind the doorbe worth listening to
向某人解释某事（别丢了
to）
从门后面（别丢了behind）值得一听（别丢了to）
三、题型归纳──逻辑型单项填空
这类题型主要从句子的形式、句子的意义来考查对英语句子的把握和理解情况，具体表现在主谓一致、意义一致、人称一致、非谓语动词及介词的逻辑主语一致等方面。1. Qiong Yao with her works____ very popular with us young people. A. be
B. are
C. were
D. become
____, in my opinion, the books my brother
2. What I like best, to tell you the truth, bought me as my birthday present last week. A. are
B. is
C. have
D. existed
3. The teacher told us that practice____ perfect. A. make
B. makes
C. made
D. making
4. Hurry up, if you____ there with us. A. go
B. will go
C. would go
D. could go
5. At the age of seven, ____. A. his father died C. his dog followed him
B. he lost his father D. his parents divorced
6. ____, his mother saw him playing games with other children. A. On his way home C. From her office
B. From his room D. Under his nose
7. She has long been expecting a chance to study abroad and at last she got____. A. it
B. that
C. another
D. one
8. If a student can make what has been learned____ whether in class or from social practice, he will make steady progress. A. his own
B. him
C. himself
D. his
’m sure, always do____ best.
9. He is one of the students who, I
A. his B. theirC. my D. one’s
10. Neither Rose nor Henry likes to attend the meeting, ____? A. does she
B. does he
C. do they
D. did you
11. ____ more attention, the tree may grow better. A. Give
B. Giving
C. Given
D. To give
12. Someone must have taken it away this morning, ____? A. haven’t they
B. hasn’t he C. don’t they
D. didn’t he
13. ----What do you think worries him so much? ----____. A. He didn’t pass the exam C. Lost his bike
B. His father is seriously ill D. What Jim said just now
14. Miss Wilson, whose parents are____ working in China, is studying in Peking University now. A. either
B. all
C. both
D. no
15. The teacher as well as a number of students____to attend the party yesterday. A. were asked B. was asked
C. were asking
D. was asking
1-5 DABBB 6-10 CDDBC 11-15 CDDCB
一、Language points 1.keep a record of
keep records of
break/beat the record for/in+hold/keep the record of set (up) the world record for/in+
第6讲
比赛项目比赛项目
set up a new world record make a record/make records play/put on a record
2. sb/sth=be satisfied with sb/sth satisfy one
’s desires/hunger/thirst
the conditions
to one’s satisfaction
adj.: satisfying, satisfied, satisfactory 3.treat a disease sb
treat sb/oneself (to sth) This is my treat. Dutch treat
4.explain/whisper sth to sb
=explain/whisper to sb sth in a whisper=in whispers 5.character:
性格，人物，汉字
特征，特点
characteristic: 6.trouble sb to do
be troubled with
ask/look for trouble get into trouble be in trouble get out of trouble
have trouble (in) doing sth have trouble with sth make trouble：take (the) trouble to doput sb to the trouble of doing
：尽力/设法做…
：麻烦某人做…
7. turn on turn off
turn in give/hand out turn up turn down turn around/round turn away turn over turn back turn out (to be) turn to sb/sth 7.only if
…: 只有，只要…
had done──过去 if only:
要是…该多好＋ did/were
──现在
would/should do did/were 9.at one time=once
at times=sometimes at all times=always at a time=each time for a time=for some time at no time at the same time
10.supply sth to sb=supply sb with sth
provide sth for sb=provide sb with sth offer sb sth=offer sth to sb 11.have a habit of doing
form/develop the habit of be in the habit of 12.face the music:
临危不惧
play music=perform music
将来
13.more than: 不仅仅，超过
more than one+n.(单)+V(单)：不止一个 More than one student likes this film. more than+n/adj:
远非，不仅仅是…
Bamboo is used for more than building. no more than:
只有，仅仅
最多…，不超过…
not more than=at (the) most: more…than…：与其说…不如说…
The man is more brave than wise. 14. the next timethe first
时间名词短语用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，此外，
time, every time, each time, the moment, the minute, the second。
二、语法专题──动词和动词短语的考点
1. 动词和动词短语的考查重点是放在特定语境中的辨析2. 几组常考的动词短语1. get along get across
：离开，进展，继续：越过，使…让人理解
get away：逃走，逃避，得以离开 get back：回来，取回 get down：记下，吞下 get off
：下车(飞机)，下班
get on：上车 get in
：上车，收割，到站，插话
get up：起床，站起，(风)变猛烈 get through get together
：(电话)接通，通过，用完，完成：聚会，收集
2. take away：拿走，带走，消除(病痛等)，减去 take down：取下，记下，拆掉，吞下，病倒 take out take off
：拔掉，切除，带(某人)出去，获得：脱掉，起飞，成功
take up：占据(时间或空间)，以…作为爱好或
消遣，从事
3. break away (from):
逃掉，脱离，改掉
break down：出故障，失败，中断 break in break into break out
：突然进来，插嘴：强行进入，插嘴：突然发生，爆发
break up：解散，结束，破裂，绝交4. come about：发生 come across：(偶然)遇见 come on(upon)：偶然碰见，出现 come on：来吧，快点，加油 come along：一道去 come in：到来，进来，上市 come out：出来，出版，有…结果 come over：来访，产生 come round：来访，到来
come to：来到，合计，苏醒，谈到5. pick out pick up
：挑选，找出
：拿起，捡起，收拾，学会；
(用车)来
接，去取：
改进，改善，重新开始，继续，感染(疾
病，坏习惯)
6. give away：赠，送，泄露，出卖 give back give in give off
：归还，送回：屈服，让步，投降：发出(蒸汽，光等)
give out：分发，耗尽，筋疲力尽，发出(气味，热等)
give up：放弃
7. cut down：砍倒，削减，压缩 cut in cut off cut out
：插入，插话，插队：切断，隔断，断绝：剪成，戒掉
8. make…into(out of)…：使…成为(变成)…
make…of(from)…：由…制成…(多用被动式) make for：往…去，有助于 make it
：及时赶到，成功，做成
make out：理解，看清，填写，假装
make up：构成，编写，编造，和解，弥补，凑足，准备好
9. look about/around look after look at
：环顾四周，四处看
：照顾，照料：看，注视
：看不起
look down on/upon look for
：寻找
look forward to look into look like look out look over
：调查
：期盼(to为介词)
：看起来像，似乎要：向外看，当心，找出：审阅，翻阅，检查
：翻看，浏览
look through look to look up
：注意，负责：查阅，看望
：尊敬
：引起，导致
look up to
11. bring about bing back
：送还，带回，使想起
bring down bring on bring
：降低（温度，价格）：带来，引起
out：取出，显示出，衬托出，出版，推
出（作品） bring through bring up12. call at call away call back call 号召 call in call off call on
：叫来，召集
：叫走，转移开，取消：造访（某人）
：叫（请）某人做
：使渡过（困难，危机）
：提出，培养，呕吐：访问（某地）
：叫走，转移（注意力）：唤回，回电话
for：去取（某物），去接（某人），要求，
call (up) on sb to do sth某事，号召某人做某事 call out call up
：大声叫（喊）：（给…）打电话
14. go back：回去，回顾，回溯
go by：（从…）旁边经过，（时间、机会）过去，以…为依据
go down：下落，下降，减弱
go in for：参加（考试，比赛），从事（职业），爱好 go into go out go over
：到达，进入，从事，调查：出去，出国，熄灭：复习，演习，检查
go through：通过，检查，审查，查找，经历，做完，用完
go up：上升，上涨15. hold back：阻止，忍住 hold out hold to hold up
：支持，坚持：抓紧，坚持：竖起，阻碍，延误
：抓住
catch/get/seize/take hold of keep hold of
：抓住，握住
16. put away：收拾，放弃，打消，存蓄 put down：放下，写下，使下车， put off put on灯），增加 put out put up
：扑灭，生产，发表，使不高兴：举起，撑起，架起，张贴
：开始或着做某事（+n./doing）：推迟，推脱，使不高兴
：穿，戴，上演，装（样子），开（电、
17. set about set out set up
：动身，开始，想要（+to do）：建立，创立，树立
三、题型归纳──交际型单项填空
英语交际型试题主要考查社会交往中一些常用的日常交际用语，考查方式多以应答为主，提问为辅，并以跨文化交际中中英交际文化差异明显的交际项目为重点对象。建议的回答，对祝愿的回答，对道歉的回答，对感谢、观点的回答。1. ----Help yourself to some apples and grapes, please. ----_____. A. Yes, of course C. That’s right
B. Thank you D. Yes, I will.
主要包括对请求、
2. ----Many happy returns of the day! ----____. A. The same to you C. Thank you 3. ----I
B. Me, too D. Don’t be polite
’t mean to break it. ----_____. C. Why so careless
’m sorry but I didn
A. Why not be careful
C. Be careful next time D. You’re too foolish
4. ----Thank you for your help. ----_____. A. With pleasure
B. No, thanks
C. It’s my pleasure D. I didn
’t help you much
5. ----Bruce works very hard. ----_____. A. So he does
B. So does he
C. It’s the same with you D. So you do
6. ----Are you sure it’s going to snow this weekend? ----_____. A. I don’t think B. I think not so
C. I don’t think about it
D. I don’t think so
7. ----How do you like your Chinese teacher? ---_____. A. He is very kind
B. Yes, I like him very much
C. No, I dislike him D. He is much better now 8. ----I
’ll be away for a few days. Would you mind looking after my dog? ----Not
at all._______. A. I’d rather not B. I’d be glad to C. I have no time
D. I’d like it
9. ---Hey, look where you are going! ----Oh, I’m terribly sorry.____.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed
D. I don’t notice
10. ----How often do you eat out? ----____, but usually once a week. A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usually
D. Generally speaking
11. ----Go for a picnic this weekend, OK? ----_____. I love getting close to nature. A. I couldn
’t agree more
B. I’m afraid not C. I believe not D. I don’t think so
12. ----Let
’s go and have a good drink tonight.
----____ Have you got the first prize in the competition?
A. What for? B. Thanks a lot. C. Yes, I’d like to D. Why not?
’ll be late for the picnic.
13. ----Now, where is my purse? ----_____!WeA. Take your time
B. Don’t worry
C. Come on D. Take it easy
14. ----Excuse me, could you tell me the time? ----Sorry. I don ----_____. A. It’s a pity
C. I’m sorry to hear that.
B. Thanks a lot
D. Thanks anyway.
’t have a watch with me.
15. ----Do you think I could borrow your bike? ----______. A. Yes, you may borrow C. Yes, help yourself
B. Yes, you could
D. Yes, go on
1-5 BCCCA 6-10 DABBB 11-15 AACDC
第7讲
一、Language points
1. choose：选中，选出（结果） choose from pick select
：从…中挑选
：挑选（小东西）：选择（过程）
elect：选举
vote：投票2. be similar to the same as 3. light lit, 被动态)
lighted, lighted(4. celebrate+sth
in celebration of/for the celebration of庆祝…
congratulate+sb+on+sth 5. give away
：离开，赠送
：为了
前)
lit(
后置定语、状语、表语，完成时，
keep away (from)：使离开break away (from)put away：存储do away with：处理掉turn away：解雇throw away：扔掉6. honour vt. n. in honor of
：尊敬，以…为荣：尊敬，(pl)光荣，荣誉：为了纪念…，尊敬
：廉耻心：尊敬某人：脱离
a sense of honour show honor to sb7. pain (n.)努力”之意
：指一般的疼痛；pains：还有“麻烦，
ache (v.)：指局部较持久的疼痛，是陷痛；
(n.)
常
见
在
复
合
词
中
：
headache,stomachace
hurt vt
：伤害
vi：常指精神、感情伤害；也指肉体伤害。
：一点儿，在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词及其比较级
8. a bit/a little
not a bit=not at all not a little=very much a bit of +n.(u) a little 9. in a/one word
in other words
：简言之，总之：换句话说
in words：用语言，口头上word (u)：消息，诺言
10. such as：用于列举事物，且只列举部分 for
example/instance：用来举例说明，不表列举
或等同
namely=that is (to say)11. develop healthy habits develop an interest in sth develop
：即（列举全部）：养成健康的习惯
：培养…的兴趣
…into…：把…发展成为…
…：从…进化/发展起来
：开发自然资源
develop from
develop natural resources develop films
：冲洗胶卷
12. 现在进行时有时代替一般现在时，表示经常性或重复性的动作，句中常见的副词有：forever, always, repeatedly, constantly, 种感情色彩，如：不满，厌烦，赞扬等。She is always helping others.
The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illnesses caused by smoking. 二、语法专题──动词的时态和语态的考点
1. 试题的立意由简单直接的“结构立意”转向了“情景立意”
。试题创设的语境明确，交际
也用every/each day/year;
这时往往表达一
情景多是以对话的形式出现，并且大多数发生在学生学习和日常生活中的真实情景。
2. 题干中的有效信息不再让人一眼看穿，而是隐藏在字里行间，近几年在这一类考题中，很少在情景中出现明显的时间信息，如时间状语等。3. 解决时态和语态问题时，可遵循如下解题思路：
（1）这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的信息有哪些。（2）动作与主语的关系，是被动还是主动。4. 四组容易混淆的时态：
（1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调动作结果对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间是在过去，属于过去时的范畴。因此，一般过去时需跟表示过境的时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文，而现在完成时不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
（2）过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态。
（3）过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别：两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作
（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过
；而一般过去时只表示以现在
去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。
（4）将来完成时由“shall/will+have done
”构成，表示动作或状态延续到将来某一时刻，
by the end of this
常用延续性动词，并带有一个表示将来某一时间的状语或状语从句，如：
month, by then, this time next week, by the time等；将来完成进行时由“shall/will+have been doing”构成，表示某个动作在将来的某个时间以前已经开始，并一直持续进行着。5. 关于被动语态的几种特殊用法：（1）主动形式表被动：表示感觉或变化的get等系动词的主动形式表被动意义；动词表被动意义。
（2）由“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态：这种形式的被动语态主要用于：①给自己做事（get dressed穿衣）；②设法做到自己称心的事（get elected当选）；③由于客观原因遇到不尽如人意的事（get burned烧焦）；④表示命令（get washed！去洗洗吧）。（3）在表示“（某物）需要”的need, want, require
等后的动名词用主动形式表被动。
feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn, prove, let, blame
的不定式作表语或定语时，主动形式
（4）“据说类”的3个被动句型：如果我们要想把话说的谨慎些，可以用下列被动结构：①It is said that
…;②There is said to be
…;③sb/sth is said to
…。能用于这类句型的
动词还有believe, think, consider, suppose, hope, suggest, report, know, understand等。
6. 某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的：（1）This/It is the first/second
…time+that-clause: that
从句一般用现在完成时，如
果把前边的is改为was, 则that从句用过去完成时。（2）It is/has been+
一段时间+since从句：since从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的
is
改为was，则since从句中用过去完成时。（3）be about to do
…when…: 意为“即将…（这时）突然…”。
（4）be(was/were)+doing…when…: 意为“正在干…（这时）突然…”。（5）Hardly/Scarcely had
…done…when…; No sooner had…done…than…, when和than
从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚…就…”。
（6）It+be+一段时间+before从句：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。
三、题型归纳──综合型单项填空
综合型单项填空已经成为高考英语命题的一种趁势。
要求具备以下的几个方面的知识的能力：
1.交际能力：在交谈中，我们必须了解并掌握各种不同交际功能的语言形式，才能正确理解说话者的心理，选出正确答案。
2. 对语境的理解能力：我们在弄清说话者的字面意义的基础上，还必须能够深层理解，看出言外之意，作出正确选择。
3. 扎实的词汇知识：一方面必须能正确辨别词汇的意义及感情色彩；的正确搭配及习惯或固定结构。
4. 牢固的语法知识：我们必须掌握牢固的英语语言基础知识，识进行科学的解释。
1. ----What about____ passage? ----ItA. a, a
’s too difficult____ passage for me. B. a, the
C. the, a
D. the, the
对各种语言现象能用所学的知
另一方面必须掌握词汇
2. ----How is your grandmother? ----She____ for many years. A. died
B. has died
C. has been died
D. has been dead
3. ----Why is the boy crying there? ----Because____ his father. A. being scolded by B. scolding
C. of scolding
D. of being scolded by
4. ----What do you think make Jenny unhappy and worried? ----____ her new PC. A. Because she lost B. Lost
C. As a result of losing
D. Losing
5. ----Could I borrow your motor bike? ----Yes, of course, you____. A. might
B. could
C. can
D. should
6. ----Can I help you, sir?
----Yes. I bought this radio her yesterday, but it____. A. didn’t
B. won’t work
C. can’t work
D. doesn’7. I like____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this
B. that
C. it
D. one
8. ----You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
----____. How I wish to go there! A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t
C. No, I have
D. No, I haven
’t
9. ----Your phone number again? I____ quite catch it. ----It
’s 9568442.
A. didn’t
B. couldn’t
C. don’t
D. can’t
10. ----Will $200____? ----I’m afraid not. We need at least 50 more dollars. A. count
B. satisfy
C. fit
D. do
11. He came home after midnight, and____, he got drunk. A. worse still
B. that means
C. what’s the matter
D. what else
t work
12. You can, ____, come to join us in the singing programme. A. if you happy C. if you please
B. when you possible D. when you necessary
13. Mr Smith, ____ of the____ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired, boring C. was tired, bored
B. tiring, bored D. was tiring, boring
14. I have a lot of books, half of____ novels. A. which
B. that
C. whom
D. them
1-5 CDDDC 6-10 DCDAD 11-14 ACAD
第8讲
一、Language points 1. recognize sb as
：认出某人是…
be recognized as：某人被认作… recognize sb to do sth recognize that-clause recognition (n.)
2. dress：既表动作，也表状态＋ dress sb be in
have on：表状态，不用于进行时
wear：表状态＋（衣服、鞋帽、领带、围巾、首饰、眼镜）
表示某一时间的穿戴，常用进行时
put on：表动作3. prove sth sth to sb
sth to be
dressed
：承认某人做某事
as
(to be)that-clause
4. beyond control in control
：无法控制
：控制着
：控制中
：失控
under control
out of control=lose control of5. tear sth to/into pieces sth in half/into halves sth open sth down at sth sth up off
：撕扯着…（表过程）：撕碎/撕破（表结果）：毁掉：脱去、跑掉
…：从…夺走
away from
6. attend school/church attend the meeting/lecture join party/league/club/sb join in the party/activity 7. call on sb=drop in on sb call at a place=drop in at a place visit +sb/a place pay a visit to a place
8. be (well) worth + n./doing sth be worthy + of+n. of+being done to be done 9. pay for sth
pay sb for sth
pay sb money for sth=pay money to sb for sth pay off：全部还清
pay back
：偿还，归还；报复
10. make/carry out/perform/do experiment by experiment experiment on/upon
…：对…进行实验
二、语法专题──非谓语动词的考点1. 非谓语动词的句法功能具有哪些词的部分特征
可作哪些句子成分名形容副主宾表定状补
词
词词不定式√√
√
√√√√√√动名词√
√√√√
现在分√
√
√√√√词过去分√
√
√√√√
词
2. 不定式和分词作状语的比较
状语类型
名称
时目结原方条伴让间
的果因式
件
随
步
不定式√
√√现在分√
√
√
√
√
√
√
词过去分√
√
√
√
√
√
√
词
注：不定式和分词都可作结果状语，但用法和意义不同。不定式常和
only, never
连用，强
调意想不到的结果和失望的情绪；而分词往往与主句有因果关系，主句表原因，分词形式表
结果。
3. 非谓语动词的选择原则：（1）与逻辑主语之间的关系：主谓或动宾；（2）与主谓语动词的时间关系：①在主谓语之前一般用完成式；②与主谓语同时发生一般用现在分词；③在主谓语之后一般用不定式。
4. 只能接-ing分词作宾语的动词建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。
它们所对应的动词或词组分别是：advise, have/bear/stand(
suggest,
risk,
devote oneself to;
忍受), look forward to, stop, give up, delay, put off, regret, miss;
keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish; pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to; consider, require, cannot help, forbid; permit, be/get used to, mind; be worth, set about, imagine. 三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决一
巧用首句信息：①利用首句把握文章的体裁：如果文章开头交代事情发生的时间、地点以及人物等，毫无疑问就是记叙文；如果文章开门见山点明话题或作者的观点，那么很可能就是议论文或说明文。②分析首句信息，预测下文内容：一般情况下，根据首句所给的线索，就能粗知短文的大概内容。由首句的提示，加上语法分析、逻辑推理，并借助于短文中关键词语所提供的信息以及上下文之间的关系，就能进一步确切了解短文内容，为确定答案开辟道路。
例1：Monty owns a horse ranch(
牧场) in San Sedro. Once when asked about his____,
he told the story about a young man, son of a horse trainer. A. life
B. success
C. family
D. education
Monty有一定的成就。从后
，“家
[分析]从本文的开头可以断定是记叙文，同时第一句话还透露出
文的“a horse trainer”可知他出身贫贱，由此可以断定，人们不是询问他的“生活”庭”或“受教育”情况，而是询问他“成功的秘诀”
。
例2：…Being alone in outer space can be frightening. That is one reason why astronauts
on solo(单独的) space flights were given plenty of work to keep them____.
A. tired B. asleep C. conscious D. busy
[分析]文章开头谈到一个人进行太空旅行会感到很孤单，因此通常给单独旅行的宇航员安排很多工作以排遣这种孤独的情绪。由常识可知，人在忙碌的时候不会感到孤单，而其他三项都与第一句话没有关系。
例3：When I come across a good article in reading newspapers, I often want to cut and keep it. But just as I am about to do so, I find the article on the____ side is also interestingA. each
…B. other
C. another
D. either
[分析]作者非常喜欢阅读报纸上的文章，当他想要把那些好的文章剪下来保留时却发现其背面的文章也同样有趣。由文中的“
newspapers”及常识可知报纸只有两面，故用
other。
第9讲
一、Language points
1. when 既可指时间的某一点，从句中的谓语动词可以是非延续性的，又可指
一段时间（从句中的谓语动词要用延续性动词）的动作同时发生。
意为“这时”，常用结构：be about to…when…
as: while: 2. be of
强调从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，而不是一前一后。
表示两者情况对比。＋抽象名词＝be + adj.
，从句的动作与主句
be of (great) + use/help/value/importance =be (very) + useful/helpful/valuable/important 3. journey trip travel travels
：适用范围广，可指陆海空的旅行，常指距离较远的旅行。
：指短时间，短距离的旅行。：泛指旅游，前面一般不用冠词。：多指旅行经历
不侧重往返性，可以是章程旅行。
journey和trip强调往返性，travel Voyage：海上旅行或航海。
4. hope：指与过去、现在或将来有关的希望，不能接名词，双宾语或复合宾语。
wish：多指美好的祝愿，或表达的是过去，现在或将来发生的令人遗憾的事，
接从句时使用虚拟语气。
hope for
：希望、期待、对（某物）有信心
We hope you’ll be very happy. I wish I had gone to that party.
We haven’t heard from him for a long time, but we are still
a letter.
hoping for
5. n.诺言，有指望，有前途，可能性
There is a promise of better weather tomorrow. keep a promise promise carry out a promise fulfill a promise v. I can
→break a promise
：履行诺言：实现诺言
许诺，答应，有…迹象，使…很有可能
’t promise, but IThe clouds promise rain.
’ll do my best.
promising adj. 有前途的，有希望的
6. put up：搭起，建筑 set up：建立，成立 build
：建造
：建立
build up
found：创立，创办7. around/round the corner in the corner on the corner at the corner8. sb/sth
praise sb for (doing) sth sb as
…：称赞…是…
：因…赞扬…
：在角落里：在拐角上
：在拐角处（比on的范围大）
：在拐角处，即将到来
sing high praise for in praise of
：赞美
：称赞…
9. population：对此进行提问时，要使用what，人口的“多，少”使用large,
small；表示“有多少人”时用“has a population of
…”。
population：用作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由其后面的表语来决定。 ----What
’s the population of China?
----China has a population of 1.3 billion. The population of New Zealand is small.
The population of developing countries are mostly peasants. 10. come to terms with：达成协议，妥协 take possessions of：获得，占有 in/with relation to：与…有关联，关于 in memory of sb
：为了纪念某人
match…with…：把…和…搭配起来二、语法专题──情态动词和虚拟语气的考点1. 表示推测：情态动词＋ be＋表：现在状态 be doing：现在动作 have done
：过去
may/might have done：本可以干某事can/could have done：本能够干某事should/ought to have done
：本应该干某事
needn’t have done：本不必干某事would/should like/love to have done：过去本想干某事
had better have done：当初最好干某事would rather have done
：当然真该干某事
注：情态动词表推测时，其反意疑问句，应把情态动词变为不是推测的来考虑。2. 几个情态动词的辨析与特殊用法：（1）can/could
用于肯定句中表“可以”，或“能够”（强调与生俱来的能力）强调过去设法完成的某一具体的动作。
be able to
；（2）used to表示过去常常干某事，暗示“现在不干了”，以及表示过去一直存在的状态；
would表示过去常常干某事，但不涉及现在的情况，还可以表示过去一直烦人的事情。（3）need/dare作为实义动词时，应用定句中。
（4）shall用于第一、三人称，表示征询对方意见或请求；用于第二、三人称时，表示命令、强制、允诺或威胁。（5）will
可以表示意愿或必然趋势。
need/dare to do;
作为情态动词时，一般不用于肯
If he won’t help us, all our plans will be ruined. The window won’t open. 3. 虚拟语气应用于如下结构中：
（1）一种定语从句：It’s time that+did （2）两种目的状语从句：
so that/in order that+ can/may/could/might +do （3）三种随时变化句：① wish if only as if/though ② would rather
＋
现在→did/were 过去→had done 将来→could/would do ＋现在/将来→did/were 过去→had done
③现在：if+did/were, would+ do
过去：if+had done, would+ have done 将来： did
if+ were to do, would+ do should do
注意：除了由if引导的虚拟条件句外，还有倒装条件句，即把混合时间句，虚实错综句，以及含蓄条件句，即由来引导的。
（4）四种名词性从句：①当表语是
important, natural, necessary, possible, strange, arranged, decided,
were、had或should提前；
but for
or, otherwise, with, without,
demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, surprising, a pity, no woder时，主语从
句要用虚拟语气。例：
It’s important that we (should) help each other. ②动词一坚持(insist)
，两命令(command, order)，三建议(advise, propose, suggest)
四要求(ask, demand, request, require)
后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。例：
He insisted that he (should) be sent to the West. 注：insist(
坚持说), suggest(
暗示，表明)时，从句应用陈述语气。如：
Her pale face suggested that she was ill. ③idea, plan
以及表示“坚持，命令，建议，要求”等动词的同源名词作主语时，表语从句
用虚拟语气。例：
My suggestion is that we (should) hold a class meeting. ④idea, plan
以及表示“坚持，命令，建议，要求”等动词的同源名词后的同位语从句要用
虚拟语气。例：
The office gave an order that his soldiers fight back bravely. 三、题型归纳──完形填空解题要决二
巧用上下文语境。①注意上下文的信息提示：信息提示出现在前文时，可以根据前文的信息提示确定答案；信息提示出现在后文时，我们应该先把此空暂时搁置，在理解了后文的基础上，再确定答案。②通读全文，利用复现词语：完形填空试题中，一些词语会重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接，从而构成一个完整的、有机的意义整体。把握这些反复出现的词语，有助于我们确定正确答案。
例1：Reading is a way of learning English without classes or a teacher. It helps develop learners
’ independence. And while reading graded readers, learners don
t have to run a____ because the language is at their level. A. dictionary B. teacher
C. student
D. recorder
[分析]because在此引导一个原因状语从句，因为读物中使用的语言符合读者的语言水平，读者当然不必求助于词典。
例2：All of a sudden I started to feel rather__1__. She wondered why I was looking for this sort of__2___. I felt even more hopeless when she told me that it would be difficult to get a job without experience.
，
’
1. A. encouraged 2. A. place
B. dissatisfied B. job
C. hopeless
D. help
D. pleased
C. advice
[分析]文章讲到作者去应聘工作，既没有经验又信心，心里感到十分不踏实。从下文中的“I
felt even more hopeless”可知第1题填“hopeless”，暗示作者那种无望的心情。而“it would be difficult to get a job without experience
”则呼应了第2题，故选job。
例3：Years ago in Scotland, the Clark family had a dream. Clark and his wife worked and____, making plans for their nine children and themselves to travel to 2(America) It had taken years, but they had 3(finally) saved enough money and had gotten passports and reservations for the whole family on a new liner t the United States. A. spent
B. counted
C. saved
D. played
but
.
[分析]分析上面一段文字可知Clark夫妇存钱的目的是让一家人出去旅游。根据文中“
”可知第1题答案为C项。第10讲
they had 3(finally) saved enough money
一、Language points
1. in other words=in another word
in a word=in one word
：总而言之
：和…说几句话
：换句话说
have a word with=have a few words withhave words with：与…争论2. can never can not
…too……too…
无论怎样…也不过分，越…越好
…as one can: 尽可能…
3. as+adj/adv(原级)+as possible=as
4. appreciate +n/doing appreciate +it+ that-clause(5. to do/doing intend+ sb to do that-clause(
intend… + asbe intended for6. marry sb to sb
虚拟语气) …: 打算(使)…成为……：(为…而)准备
真宾)
be/get married to sb marry sb
be/get married to sb with sth
7. 部分否定句：all, both, every, everyone, everything
定词not连用时，表示部分否定，意思是“并非…都…”
。
等总概括词与否
8. make up：化妆，编造，组成(部分组成整体)，占…(比例)
be made up of：一个整体是由几个部分组成=be composed of =consist of make up for：弥补
9. in(out of) condition/in good(bad) condition On/upon condition that(10. vi.:
：情况良好(糟糕)
引导条件状从)：如果…，在…条件下
受苦，受害，受损失
He suffered a lot during the war.
suffer Your reputation will suffer. vt.
：遭受，容忍，耐住
He is suffering the loss of his wife. These plants cannot suffer a cold winter. suffer from:
患…病，受…之苦
Last week I suffered from a bad cold.
His hometown suffered from heavy floods in 1998. 二、语法专题──定语从句的解题方法1. 通读全句，判断是否为定语从句。2. 题干若为疑问句，将其恢复为陈述语序。
3. 认真分析句中所提供的信息，确定定语从句的类型，是性定语从句还是非性定语从句。
4. 确定从句中所缺的成分，从而做出正确的选择。5. 将选项填入句子中，看语意是否通顺。
6. 在此过程中，还要注意标点符号的位置，以及并列连词
but, and的作用。
三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决三
根据文化背景常识：①利用英语国家的文化背景知识，英语国家的文化背景知识包括英语国家的风俗习惯、历史事件、地理位置等。我们做题时若能积极调动自己的文化背景知识，注意中西文化各方面存在的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，选出正确的答案。②结合生活常识，避免常识性错误。完形填空文章的内容经常与日常生活相关，因此当我们对语言的把握不准确时，可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助判断，这就要求我们平时既要多体验生活，又要博览群书。
例1： Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents. They are very busy working to support the family. They don
’t act in the romantic
’
ways that I read in books or I se on TV. Flowers to each other on Valentines Day is even more out of the question. A. Taking
B. Passing
C. Buying
D. Sending
Valentine’s Day为西方国家的情人节，这一天
[分析]利用文化背景知识解答。众所周知，
情人之间、夫妻之间一般是要互送鲜花来庆祝的。因此借助这一文化背景知识很快可以选出答案。
例2：Roberta appeared on the stage. She took a deep breath and began to speak . Now she was Portia, a strong-willed in The theatre was filled
Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.
with people. She was speaking with a power she had never before
experienced, the words flowing smoothly from her. A. member
B. actress
C. player
D. character
[分析]本题考查文化背景知识。莎士比亚为英国文学巨匠，他的作品人们耳熟能详，尤其是《威尼斯商人》更是广为人知。其中主要人物有乐于助人的安东尼奥，贪婪自私的夏洛克，还有机智、漂亮的鲍西亚。根据文意可知此题答案。
例3：Fire stations are strangely exciting places. In the normal course of events the great doors are shut, and behind them, the fire-engines cleaned and lovingly cared for. But the moment the open immediately and the firemen come . A. fleeing
B. laughing
C. jumping
D. rushing
此处用rushing表示方式，wait peacefully,
brightly
fire alarm sounds, the huge doors
[分析]考查生活常识。每当有火警的时候消防队员都是快速出动，
修饰come。Fleeing“逃逸”，laughing“笑”，jumping“跳”，均与语境不符。例4：It was New Year’s night. An aged man was standing at a window. He raised his mournful eyes towards the deep____ sky. A. grey
B. blue
C. black
D. cloudy
[分析]考查生活常识。晚上天空的颜色一般是深蓝色。
It was a bright Saturday morning in the late fall. I had stopped at a caf
é to
enjoy a cup of coffee and__1__ the morning newspaper. Suddenly, I__2__ a hand on the back of my jacket and heard someone say,
“Hey Steve! How ya doin
’?”
__3__ up, I saw a boy wearing a mechanic’s uniform worn by employees of the gasoline station next to the cafwe had met.
He also held a cup of coffee, so I asked him to join me. Very soon, his__6__ and probably my coffee began to thaw(
解冻) out my__7__.
é. He looked__4__, but, at first, I was unable to__5__ where
Five years earlier, he had been traveling home late on a February night. A fierce__8___
had arrived
that afternoon,
and by midnight,
the snowdrifts
were
getting__9___. He recalled__10__ a drift just down the road from my house.
He had walked to my house for__11__. I had taken my pickup and a tow-rope and__12__ his car out of the snowdrift and up to the highway where maintenance(had__13___ away the snow.
This has been a__14__ occurrence here during the winter. I cannot__15__ the times someone has also pulled my car from a snowdrift.
___16__, it was an unforgettable experience for him, and his memory of our unexpected meeting in a snowstorm__17__ my entire day.
Leo Buscaglia wrote,
“Too often we underestimate(
低估) the__18_ of a touch, a
维护) trucks
smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment(赞扬), or the smallest act
”
of__19__, all of which have the potential to turn a__20__ around.1. A. preview B. scan 2. A. noticed B. got 3. A. Looking B. Standing
C. order C. caught
C. Rising
D. buy D. felt
D. Glaring
4. A. sensitive B. friendly C. familiar
C. regain
D. recall
D. grateful
5. A. reflect B. determine 6. A. story 7. A. heart 8. A. sandstorm 9. A. high 10. A. blocking 11. A. help
B. experience C. appearance D. greetings B. feeling B. snowstorm B. slippery
B. hitting B. advice
C. memory C. hurricane C. thin C. knocking
D. wonder D. rainfall D. deep D. crashing
C. emergency D. shelter C. pushed
C. threw C. forgettable C. master
D. dug
D. melted D. practical D. predict
12. A. pulled B. dragged 13. A. collected 14. A. basic 15. A. count 16. A. Besides 17. A. covered 18. A. meaning
B. cleared B. common B. keep
B. Therefore C. However D. Otherwise
B. influenced C. brightened D. filled B. relation
C. value C. sharing C. truth
D. power D. forgiving D. life
19. A. caring B. offering 20. A. course B. fate
本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。作者在咖啡馆里喝咖啡的时候，遇到了自己曾经在风雪之夜帮助过的一个年轻人。作者已经记不起对方了，但年轻人对作者给予的帮助却多年不忘。这使作者意识到一个善意的举动有多么大的力量。1-5 BDACD 6-10 ACBDB 11-15 AABBA
16-20 CCDAD 第11讲
一、Language points 1. lean against/on/upon+n. n.+against/on/upon+n. back forward to the left to/toward
后仰
俯身向前
向左侧身
…：倾向…，向…倾斜
2. match +n. +to/with +n. match +n. +against/with +n.比赛
3. be sure of/about +n./pron. that-clause wh-clause
sb be sure to dosb be certain to do It is certain that-clause
that-clause
：使…（和…）调和，相配
：使…（和…）交手，使…
：对…有把握，确信…
：确信
：能确定…，知道…：一定会…的，必定…
make sure+ of sth/doing sth to do sth4. expect+ sb/sth to do sth n+ to do to be done that-clause
…+ than/as+ clause (it is) expected
：确信，对…有把握
：一定要做…：期待，预料：期望做某事：期望…做…
：期待…被…
You arrived earlier than I had expected. expected. 5. appear:
不能接as if,
强调外表给人某种印象，
有时含有实际并非如此。
看起来 seem：可跟as if,
暗示判断有一定的根据，这种
判断往往接近事实。
look
：可接like/as if，强调视觉印象，后面跟形容词
6. engage sb to sb
get engaged to sb
：使某人与某人订婚：与某人订婚(动作)
be engaged to sb：与某人订婚(状态) be engaged in (doing) sth7. It is no good/use +doing sth
There is/seems no point in doing sth There is no need to do sth 8. use up=run out of give out=run out 9. rather than
：而不是
用完耗尽
：忙于/从事某事
other than=except or rather：更确切地说10. get through用完
go through look through see through break through put through pull through11. be present at
present adj.students.
present sth to sb present sb with sth for the presentup to the presentat present：目前present n.：礼物12. be known as/for/to/in
under debate
：暂时：直到现在
向某人颁发…，把…赠送给…
：经历(痛苦、困难)，翻阅，参观，查看：浏览：看穿，看透：突围
：把电话接通，使成交，完成：(使)恢复健康，(使)度过难关…：出席
：做后置定语：All the people present are ：做完，办完，看完；通过；接通；度过；
would like to do feel like doing 13. adapt to to relate to为 get down to介 stick to
：适合：与…有关：开始做，着手
：坚持
：注意：期望
：使自己沉溺于…：沉溺于…
词 pay attention to look forward to addict oneself to be addicted to devote
…to…：致力于
二、语法专题──名词性从句的解题思路1. 通读全句，首先考虑是不是某种句型。2. 题干若是疑问句，首先把它恢复为正常语序。3. 观察设空的前前后后，确定相关从句的性质。
4. 确定从句性质后回忆相关从句的用法特点，从而作出取舍。5. 注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)
的作用。
6. 将选项代入句子，看前后是否语意贯通。三、题型归纳──完形填空的解题要决四灵活掌握名词、动词在句子中的应用
。①结合语境及名词、动词词义辨析选出最佳答案：词
义辨析主要集中在实词，即名词、动词、形容词和副词。设题通常以同义词、反义词或易混词的形式出现。这就要求我们在做题时要根据上下文语境确定答案，将意义相反或相差较大的选项剔除掉，选择使句子结构完整、语法正确、语意符合逻辑的最佳答案。②夯实基础，牢记含有名词、动词的短语或固定搭配：对含义清晰的名词、动词短语或固定搭配，可以边读边猜测答案，遇到有能和空白前后构成固定搭配的选项，只要符合文意则可以不考虑其他选项，因此我们平时要注重短语或固定搭配的积累。
例1：“Only a miracle(奇迹) can save him now”, the little and took out her piggy bank. She emptied all
girl went to her bedroom
the change out on the floor and counted
it carefully. Then she her way six blocks to the local drugstore.
“And what do you want?” asked the chemist. A. followed
B. made
C. felt
D. found
[分析]考查动词词组辨析。语境为小女孩听到父母谈论她的弟弟病得很厉害，家里已没有剩下多少钱，只有奇迹能救他，于是她倒空自己的储钱罐。再结合下文问话“want? Asked the chemist.
And what do you
”可知她“去了”药店。Followed one’s way “跟着别人走”；
made one’s way “朝…走去”；felt one’s way “摸索前进”；found one’s way “发现途径”，结合题意此处应选B。
例2：“Stop that man!” Vernon shouted. were____ their feet and screaming. A. running over
B. jumping over
C. running to D. jumping to
“He has a bomb!” Everywhere, passengers
[分析]考查结合语境选择动词短语的能力。上文提到，有人携带，听到这种情况人们的反应应为惊跳起来尖叫着。故选答案
D。
例3：Why is setting goals important? Because goals can help you you, be, and experience everything you want in life. yourself to____ your life happen. A. leave
B. cause
C. make
D. get
Instead of just letting
life happen to you, goals allow
[分析]考查动词短语习惯搭配。make sb do sth “让某人做某事”，其余各项不符合表达习惯，不可用省略to的不定式作宾补。例4：I began to feel self-conscious her?”“____ you’re so fat?A. When
B. Because
. A voice said to me “Why can’t you look like
’t fat…
” Although I wasnC. If only
D. How come
[分析]考查习惯搭配。How come…?意为“何以会…，为什么”。全文语境为：作者所处的班级的学生都比较有钱，尤其是在穿着方面更是挑剔，更注意自己的身材，唯恐发胖。因此作者考虑到别人的情况感到不自在，尽管自己不算胖。此处意为：样？”“你为什么会这么胖呢？”
第12讲
一、Language points 1. be convenient to do be convenient to sb
“你为什么看起来不能像她那
2. to one’s taste：合某人的口味
：对…有鉴赏力
show good taste in
have a/an…taste：有…的味道taste good：吃起来很好have a taste for/in3. rob sb/place of sth steal sth from sb steal sb sth 4. contribute
contribute to
…to…: 向…捐献(投稿) …：促成，有助于
：向…捐献
：喜好…
make a contribution to/towards5. as follows
：如下
follow the example of：以…为榜样
6. remind sb of sth=remind sb about sth
remind sb that-clause remind sb to do sth 7. A is to B what C is to D
stand out start with
set aside：把…置于一旁，留出，拔出be gone/missing/lost/left 8. impress…on…: 把…印在…上
impress sb (with sth)impress sth on sb
：使某人牢记(某事)
：使某人铭记某事
：被…所感动
be impressed by/at/with
be impressed on one’s mind/memory：被印在脑海里
9. recommand+ sb/sth to sb人或某物
：向某人推荐某
sb for sth：推荐某人做(某工
作)
sth for…：推荐某物作(某用
途)
sb as…：推荐某人为…
doing sth：
sb to do sth 建议
做某事
that-clause (should)
10. remain +adj./n./doing/to do/介词短语：
仍然是，保持某种状态 It remains to be seen…：…还要看情况
发展 remaining
：现在分词作前置定语：the
remaining three dollars =the three dollars left stay +adj.
：继续处于某种状态
keep + adj. 继续处于某种状态
n. +adj/doing 11. lead to…：导致
lead
…to…：把…带向…
12. differ from/with sb on/about/upon sth：
跟某人在…上意见不同
make a difference
：起作用，发生影响
make some/no difference：有（没有）关系
或影响
二、语法专题──状语从句的考点
高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在成分的省略，时态的替代，语序的倒装以及连词的辨析四
在方面。1. 成分的省略
①在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果主语是谓语动词含有be时，可把从句的主语和Don’t speak until (you are) spoken to. Do come to see me whenever (it is) possible. ②在比较状语从句中，可省略与主句相同的部分。I know you more than he (knows you). Tom is two years older than Alice (is).
③as(尽管)引导让步状语从句，表语前的冠词要省略。Hero as he is, he has shortcomings. ④其他省略。
Please drop in any time you like. Is it going to rain? If so, I2. 时态的替代
①在时间、条件和让步状语从句中须用一般现在时替代一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。
If it rains tomorrow, we won
’t go fishing.
’ll stay at home; but if not, we will go out.
be一起省略。
it或与主句的主语一致，且
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
②The more…the more…句型中，前句起“条件状语从句”作用，故用现在时表将来。The harder you work, the greater progress you③after, before, as soon as
’ll make.
等连词本身就暗示了时间的先后，因此可用一般过去时代替
过去完成时，而不会产生时间上的混乱。I went to bed after I (had) finished my homework. The film star (had) left before the reporter arrived.
He got down to work as soon as he (had) go to the factory. 3. 语序的倒装
①no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely/barely句常用一般过去时，且置于句首时主句要倒装。
…when…句型中的主句常用过去完成时，从
No sooner had he got home than it began to rain. ②so/such…that…, not until
…置于句首时主句要倒装。
’t speak.
So angry did she feel that she couldn
Not until he told me the truth did I realize what had happened.
4. 连词的辨析。根据上下文的语意推断属于哪种状语从句，然后选择连词。三、题型归纳——完形填空的解题要决五把握文章脉络，识别句式特点。
①把握文章脉络，偏重观点、态度，慎边读边做。我们在通
通览全文的基础上，要从整体上把握文脉，找出完形填空短文的主题大意，作者的观点、态度，文章展开的线索等信息。②学好语法知识，积累句型句式。尽管高考淡化语法，注重情景，但是扎实的语法功底，良好的语感对于完形填空题是大有帮助的。例1：It was pouring outside. We all stood there____, some patiently, because nature messed up their hurried day. I got lost in the sound and sight of the…A. chatting
B. waiting
C. complaining
D. talking
others annoyed
[分析]细读全文可知，语境为外面下着倾盆大雨，我们站在那里在等雨停下来，不是在干其他事情。
例2：“Tonight was supposed to be____---- to celebrate six months. You do remember we’re engaged, don’t you?”A. normal
B. sleepless
C. special
D. sad
B，认为会激动得睡不着，但是结合语境
[分析]本篇文章谈论一对情侣的经历，该题易误选可知，要庆祝订婚六个月，所以今晚应具有特殊意义。
例3：The story____ to be this: George bought a lottery ticket(and won a prize of $500,000. A. turned up
B. turned out C. turned down
D. turned off
彩票) a few days ago
[分析]考查常见句式。句意：故事证明是这样的：乔治几天前买了彩票获奖out to be be。
“结果是，证明是”，表示结果出乎意料之外，四个选项中只有
50万美元。turn turn out
可接to
例4：Ellsworth, a patient who had suffered several failures in business, did not show much interest in painting at first. But____ the weeks went by, Swain
’s visits
grew more frequently . A. as
B. with
C. since
D. had to
。此处不可填with，因为with后
[分析]分析语境可知，此处意为“随着时间一周一周过去”不接句子。As time went by
“随着时间推移”，为我们所熟知的句式。
For some time I’ve had a church member provide me with a rose to pin on my suit every Sunday. __1__ I always got a flower on Sunday morning, I really did not__2__ much of it. It was a nice gesture that became__3__. One Sunday, however, what I considered__4__ became very special.
As I was leaving the
Sunday service, a
little boy__5__ and
said, “Sir, what are
you going to do with your flower?rose pinned to my coat.
”“Do you__6__ this?” I said, pointing to the
He said, “Yes sir. I would like it if you are__7__ going to throw it away.The little boy said,
“Sir, I
”
’m going to give it to my granny. My mother and father
got_8__ last year. I was living with my mother, but I could not__9__, so she sent me to live with my grandmother. She has been so good to me that I want to give that pretty flower to her for__10__ me.
When the little boy finished
”
I could hardly__11__. My
of my soul. I
eyes filled
with tears
and
I knew I had been touched in the__12__ reached up and__13__ my flower.
“Son, that is the__14__
’s not__15__.
With the flower in my hand, I looked at the boy and said, thing I have ever heard, but you can
’t have this flower because it
If you’ll look in front of the platform, you’ll see a big__16__ of flowers. Different families buy them for the__17__ each week. Please take those flowers to your granny because she__18__ the very best.
If I hadn
”
’t been__19__ enough already, he made one last statement and I will
“What a__20__ day! I asked for one flower but got a
always treasure it. He said, beautiful bouquet.1. A. Because 2. A. speak 3. A. rule
”
B. Although
B. think B. practice
C. If
C. remind C. custom
D. Once
D. care D. routine
4. A. valuable 5. A. approached 6. A. notice 7. A. always 8. A. divorced 9. A. stand 10. A. comforting 11. A. move 12. A. depths 13. A. uncovered 14. A. sweetest 15. A. real 16. A. pile 17. A. relatives 18. A. deserves 19. A. challenged 20. A. sunny
B. useless B. stopped B. see B. just
B. lost
C. ordinary C. interrupted C. like C. ever
D. normal D. followed
D. mean D. already
D. troubled D. help
C. disturbed
B. understand C. stay B. adopting B. speak B. back
B. unloaded B. nicest B. fresh B. bouquest B. old B. proves B. surprised B. special
C. supporting D. loving C. breathe C. bottom
D. refuse D. corner
C. unpinned D. unwrapped C. saddest C. expensive
D. strangest D. enough
C. collection D. chain C. poor
C. sounds C. touched C. lucky
D. church
D. matches D. taught D. wonderful
1-5 ABDCA 6-10 DBACD 11-15 BACBD 16-20 BDACD
第13讲
一、Language points
1. lack+ wisdom/money v. be lacking in+courage lack for nothing for lack of
：因缺乏…
：不缺乏…：…的缺乏
have no lack of a/the lack of
2. persuade sb to do=persuade sb into doing sth
persuade sb not to do=persuade sb out of doing
sb to do=urge sb into doing强烈要求某人干某事 urge sth on sb
：对某人强调某事
：强烈
：
that-clause+(should) do要求…
3. on the contrary be contrary to
…
on the other hand 4. in case+
从句短语
in case of+
in this/that case in any case 5. be content with
：对…感到满足
=be satisfied/pleased with be content to docontent (n.)
…：满足于做…
：内容，目录
：一看见：乍一见
：看见，
6. at (the) sight of
at first sight
catch/get/have (a) sight of
发现
lose sight ofout of sightin/within sight7. live through
：看不见：在视线之外
：在视线内：活过，经历…而未死
live with：与…同住，接受并忍受某事live on：以…为生live by+doing8. knock about(船只) knock into sb
：撞上(某人) ：以…为生
：到处漫游，(风浪)冲击
knock down：撞倒 knock over
：撞翻
knock…off…：把…从…上撞下来9. what’s up? =wha’s the matter? =what’s wrong? =what’s happening? 10. witness n. vt. tip n. vt.
：目击者，证人，证据：目击，证明，为…作证：小费，尖，尖端：使倾斜，倾倒，给…小费
11. at hand：在近处，在手边，即将到来 near/close at hand on hand in hand by hand
：手头上
：在手中，在掌握中：用手工
：间接地，二手地：手拉手，关系密切地
：近在手边
at second hand hand in hand
12. in harmony with leave out leave
：与…协调/和谐
：省去，遗漏
…alone：不理会…
：筋疲力尽
be worn out
二、语法专题──特殊句式的考点
特殊句式包括有：倒装句、强调句、省略句、反意疑问句、主谓一致和情景交际。这些句式都有其基本结构和一些特殊情况的用法。所以对于这些句式重点要熟记这些用法，并要注重句意的理解。
三、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决──主旨大意题1. 根据文章第一段或首句确定文章的主旨。
新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，
另
外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章的中心或阐述的观点，文章的第一句话或第一段就是对全文主旨大意的概括。
后文对此进一步解释说明，一般上具体的事例或信息，
全文具有先总后分的特点。我们在捕捉文章的主题句时，应该对包含主题句的段落进行适当的分析。
例：Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire didn’t hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly,
if pain existed but fear
didn’t, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it
to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier----and some do exist----is
not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a
dead soldier
is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.
…
Q: The best title for this passage should be____. A. No pains, No Gains C. The Value of Fear
B. Pain and Actions
D. The Reason Why People Fear
[分析]文章的第一句话就开门见山点明了主题：如果利用得当，恐惧和痛苦是人和动物拥有的两样最有价值的东西。后文就此展开论述，说明恐惧的价值。故答案为2. 主题句在篇尾。主题句位于段末的文章的特点是作者采用了先摆事实，
C。
后下结论的写作手
法。作者在表述细节后，归纳要点、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。我们在做题时，要判
断所读内容是细节性的描述还是对所涉及问题的集中表达。如果文章首先提及的内容多为一般性的事实、细节的描写或具体的事例，则对文章中心的归纳或作者观点及意图的体现极有可能在最后，可以重点细读最后一段，然后回过头来利用主题句进一步理解文章的细节。例：…Free time increased considerably following
the shortening of the working week,
i.e. from six days to five days, and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact, the working day couldn
’t be too long, otherwise people wouldn
’t have the time to
spend their money. The amount of a family’s budget spent on outside entertainment,
’s day of what our
such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Fordto about 9% today.
On the other hand, we spend only a quarter
great-grandparents paid for reading materials.
It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is of money we spend on medical care. Q: What is the subject discussed in the text? A. Changing patterns in spending C. Decrease in food demand
B. Changes in family planning D. Increase in family income
aging and this will have an effect on the
amount
[分析]结合前文所提及的细节可知，文章最后一段的第一句话即全文讨论的主题──消费方式的变化。故答案为A。
3. 主旨出现在文章的中间。在有些议论文或说明文中作者首先列举或说明人们的错误观点或认识误区，然后再点明自己的观点或说明的中心，最后点题，这样文章的主题句就出现在篇中。
例：A close friend siad:
“If I could only figure this out, I think I could find
happiness.” I have heard this before and will hear it again I am sure.
Many people believe that finding happiness is all about finding something else they want. Not many have ever found long term happiness by achieving another goal. The answer to finding happiness is to look within yourself.
In other words, happiness is a completely inside job. The most important piece to finding happiness is to comprehend happiness is a choice and not the result of an experience. If all happiness could be found as the result of an acquisition(
成
就), meeting a goal, or having anything, then a personsubject to something else.
’s happiness would always be
Q: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Look within to find happiness.
B. Happiness, a choice or the result of an experience? C. The definition of happiness D. How can we create happiness?
[分析]作者首先引用别人的观点，然后在材料的第二段点明主题：我们要从自己的内心去寻找幸福。B项表示不确定的两种观点，与作者意图不符；章论述的中心。
第14讲
一、Language points 1. reach
＋地点/数字
C项仅仅是文章的细节；D项不是文
达到 get是普通用语
获得 achieve＋目标/希望/成功
win赢得＋比赛/荣誉
gain获得(某种利益)＋金钱/
经验2. put in
：打断，插嘴，插入
put away：放好，收起来，留存 put on：穿，上演 put off put out
：推迟，延期：生产，扑灭
put up：举起，张贴 put aside
：搁置一旁，储存
put down：写下，记下 put back：放回，送回 put forward
：提出主意、计划
：在…方
3. hesitate in (doing) sth
面犹豫，不灵敏
hesitate about doing sth犹豫不决
hesitate what to do什么
hesitate to do sth事
4. a lead-on collision撞)
come into collision with突
in collision
：相撞，在冲突中
：在…的碰撞
：和…冲：正面冲突(相：不愿(欲)做某：犹豫着不知做
：关于…
in the collision with中
collision between A and B相撞
5. set about+doing set out to do sth set out=set off 6. benefit sb/sth sb benefit from/by7. all the way on the/one上
in the way
：挡道
：A与B
：使…受益
：从…中获益
：一路上，一直，始终’s way (to)
：在…的路
8. It is likely that-clause It that-clause
sb/sth be likely to do
is
possible/probable
It is possible for sb to do sth sth is probable 9. rob warn
cure +sb of sth cheat inform
10. throw light upon/on be absorbed in衷于…
be available for sth/to do sth对…有效的/可利用的 be sensitive to sth rang from
：对…敏感
：
：阐明…
：全神贯注于…，热
…to…：范围从…到…
二、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决二──事实细节题
事实细节是文章的有机组成部分，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。我们要准确理解一篇文章，必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等。
1. 从原文直接找到答案所需的信息。在解答这类题时，我们可采用“对号入座”的方法。先找到原文的关键信息，然后把原文中的信息跟后面的题目对照，即可得到答案。例：…The new strategy involves fuel cells, which are devices that use chemical reactions to produce electrical
currents. Researchers from St. Louis University
used
a type of protein called enzymes(酶). In the cells of living things, including people, enzymes are what spark chemical reactions. To keep up with the pace that our bodies demand, our cells constantly produce new enzymes as the old ones break down.
Scientists had tried using enzymes in fuel cells before, but they had trouble keeping the electricity flowing. That
’s because, unlike the enzymes in our cells,
the enzymes in fuel cells break down faster than they can be replaced.
To get around this problem, the St. Louis researchers invented molecules that wrap around an enzyme and protect it. Inside this molecular pocket, an enzyme can
last for months instead of days.
Q: Researchers have molecules wrap around an enzyme in order to____. A. make the enzymes in fuel cells break down slower B. produce enough enzymes to break down C. keep up with the pace that our bodies demand D. keep the enzymes in fuel cells from breaking down [分析]从第四段最后一句话“
That’s because, unlike the enzymes in our cells, the
”可知，其目的
enzymes in fuels cells break down faster than they can be replaced是使燃料电池中酶的速度降低。答案为
A。
2. 对信息进行加工。这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做题所直接需
要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理的加工处理，据此作简单推理。它是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。
例：In the summer of 1941, I was 5 years old. It was a time when the Nickles Bakery sent salesmen in red-and-white Pennsylvania, selling baked goods.
One day, a Nickles salesman drove his truck, loaded with goodies, into our driveway. He opened the rear doors, took
out his display
of baked goods and went into our home
trucks door-to-door
in our town of Greenville,
to offer my mother the specialties of the day.
While he was inside, I sneaked around to the rear of his truck, with its doors wide open, and I took a
package of oatmeal(燕麦) cookies, hurried
to the rear of
the
house and ate the entire package of cookies.
Soon, the truck sped away, and I never gave what I had done another thoughtuntil 27 years later, during the summer of 1968.
Q: In the 27 years after he ate the oatmeal cookies, the author____. A. felt sorry all the time
B. tried to find the salesman and pay him
…
C. never thought about what he had done D. often remembered the scene [分析]从文章第四段可知，作者在the truck sped away,
27年中把自己所做的事情忘记了，从来没有想过。“Soon,
thought…until 27 years
and I never gave what I had done anther
later, during the summer of 1968中“never thought about
”原文中是“never gave…another thought”与C选项
”相照应。
3. 综合信息题。这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同段落，因此要求我们把原文提供的信息综合起来分析，不能断章取义，张冠李戴。
例：I lacated the bakery and told the superintendent(主管) my story, expecting him
to understand my plight and tally up the charges.
I’d pay up and my conscience would be put at ease. Instead, he laughed out loud and said,
“You mean to tell me that you want to
pay for something that happened 27 years ago, when you were only 5 years old?
He laughed again and said,
“Reverend(牧师), consider the debt paid.
”
I felt relieved and my conscience was right.
Q: Why did the author feel his conscience was right in the end? A.Because he paid for those cookies, plus 27 years of interest. B.Because he was respected as a minister by the superintendent. C.Because the superintendent told him the debt had been paid. D.Because he was pardoned by the superintendent.
[分析]综合最后主管所说的话可知，他没有让作者付钱，原谅了作者。这时作者的内心才得以释然。故答案为D。
第15讲
一、Language points 1. complain to sb about/of sth take a complaint to sb about/of sth 2. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb=say sorry to sb 3. on doing sth insist+
坚持…，坚决要求＋that+(should) do 认为，坚持说＋that+陈述语气
4. It is no harm/good/use+doing
” It is useless+doing
It is a waste(of time/money)+doing It is worthwhile+doing
There is no good/use+in+doing There is no use to do sth/for sth There is no need to do sth
There is no doubt about/that-clause There is no sense+in+doing There is no point+in+doing
5. be/get used to+doing=beome used to+doing used to do sth be used to do sth6. for sale on sale
：待售：上市，减价
…?：询问与人相处的情况如或某
：过去习惯于…
：被用来做…
：习惯于…
7. How are you getting on/along with
人工作或学习的进展情况如何。
What does…look like?
：询问某人(物)外表看起来如何，侧重人或事物的外表。
What is…like?：询问人或物内在的品质、个性或外表，以及用来询问天
气。
What does sb like? How do you like
：询问某人喜欢什么？…?=What do you think of
…?：某人认为…怎么样
What are you?：询问某人职业？8. exchange sth for sth exchange sth with sb in exchange for
：作为交换（和…交换）
9. view：眼界，视野，另外还可表示“观点，风景”等。 image：指想像或心中的“影像，意象”，还可指肖像、形象。 sight
：视野，强调视域本身，是不可数名词。
outlook：景色，指由里面向外看到的景色。
：涉及，关于
10. in respect of respectful respectable respect (n./v.)11. trial and error be aware of allow for
：尊敬的，有礼貌的：体面的，有身份的
：尊敬
：反复实验，不断摸索
：意识到…，知道…：考虑到…
：愿意做…
be willing to do/that-clause+(should) do in vain drive off
：徒劳：驱赶
：拘于形式
：适应于…
stand on ceremony
adjust (oneself/sth) to sth participate in=take part in
二、题型归纳──阅读理解的解题要决三──推理判断题本题型主要对短文的结论、隐含意义
(寓意)、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的
等进行考查，或对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理和想象。我们要在理解原文的基础上纵观全文，汇集短文提供的各项信息，严格按照作者陈述的观点或描述的事实，进行正确地、合乎逻辑地推论和引申，从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图而不是我们主观认为合理的最佳答案。
1. 写作意图题。有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中。
例：ALBANY, New York---- Students who rely on working at night to improve their grades might want to sleep on that strategy: a new survey in the U.S. says those who never study all night have slightly higher grades than those who do.
A survey of 120 students
at St. Lawrence University found that
students who have
never pulled an all-nighter on average have higher grades than those who have. The survey found those who do not study through the night have a grade point average of 3.2 compared to 2.95 for those who have.
Q: The purpose of the passage is to tell us____. A.the bad effects of pulling an all-nighter B.pulling an all-nighter leads to sleep problems C.doubts about all-nighters D.all-nighters hurt students
’ grades
[分析]这是一段科普阅读材料。主要介绍了一项研究──晚上突击学习的人成绩非但没有提高，反而受到了影响，因此D项是作者的写作目的。A项意义范围过大；B项偏离了文章说明的中心内容；C项意义过于模糊。
2. 态度倾向题。作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是议论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文字。例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, it’s pulled in two opposite directions. As it
’s been for years, whites make up a majority of
the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(
不断上升的) paychecks, they’ve exercised their influence
to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image. …
The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both
sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But it’s a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(种族的) opposite. And itin crossing over.
Q: The author’s attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as____. A. supportive B. doubtful
C. critical
D. neutral
NBA文化中，黑人文化与白人文化之间互相冲
’s not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested
[分析]本文是议论文。分析全文，作者认为在
突，不利于NBA的发展，因此作者实际上是在对NBA文化进行批判。A项是支持，B项是怀疑，D项是中立。
3. 细节推断题。细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而
复出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。此类题要求我们根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等。解答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识，进行分析、推理、判断。进行细节推断，必须吃透相关文段的意思。
例：In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their people had increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly, not everyone in these countries is so fortunate and many people in rich countries are homeless.
The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty is undoubtedly one of the
main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always. …
Some cynics(愤世嫉俗的人) declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in a shop doorway, under a bridge or in a cardboard box?
Q: It can be inferred from the text that____.
A. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living. B. the mental ill live on people
C. he unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless D. the homeless are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboad box
[分析]根据第二段最后一句“Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always业人员，但不是经常的所以失业人员仍然可能无家可归。
4. 逻辑结论题。逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力，
要求我们根据文
”可知，会(偶尔)帮助失
the street because they want the company of other
homeless
章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。
例：…Chapman feels it his duty to help the rural areas that get left behind. Ask him about the satisfaction of setting up the community wireless network and he
’
ll mention two women who are attending online universities----or e-mailing their grandchildren far away.
“When the members of the community contribute a sense of ownership,
their effort
grandparents easily
like this, they feel
’s owned
” Chapman says, “We may operate the network, but it
’s for the public good.
”
by the citizens of the community. It
Q: From the last two paragraphs we know that____. A.West Virginia Broadhand only does good to old citizens B.West Virginia Broadhand is operated by the community C.Chapman is a man of social responsibilities D.Chapman isn’t very much satisfied with his work
[分析]从文中对Chapman的描述及他的话中，可以感受到他是一个有着强烈社会责任感的人，他感到帮助偏远地区是他的责任，他这样做是为了公众的利益。
5. 预测想象题。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明，
因此我们要根据语
篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。
例：…Completing a college application can take some time. But answering all the questions is not enough. Another important step is taking admissions tests. The SAT is the college entry test that American high school students most commonly take. Another one is the ACT.
Colleges and universities may also require international students to take the TOEFL (the Test of English as a Foreign Language).
If you have a general question for our Foreign Students Series, special@voanews.com
Q: What will the author most probably talk about next/ A. SAT
B. ACT
C. FSS
D. TOEFL
最后两段提到外国考生要参加
TOEFL考试，write
to
[分析]第一段介绍了美国高中生的大学入学考试，下文极有可能要对此加以说明。
第16讲
一、Language points
1. have mercy on：对…表示怜悯 at the mercy of
：任由…摆布或控制
beg…for mercy：乞求…的怜悯 show (little/much) 不/非常)仁慈 without mercy
：无怜悯之心
mercy to sb：对…(毫
2. keep sb company accompany sb to a place in the company of sb accompany sb (at/on sth)3. (c)=wealth fortune (u)=luck (c)=fate fortunate=lucky fortunately=luckily
4. a spare room：一个备用房间 in one里
spare me five minutes spare no efforts spare no expense spare time kill time waste time5. in terms of据
in the long term
：长远看来
：在目
：为我抽出5分钟
’s spare time
：在某人空闲时间
：给某人伴奏
：(大量)财产：机会，运气：个人的前途，命运
：不遗余力：不惜成本
：花费时间：消磨时间：浪费时间
：就…而言，从…角度，根
in the short term=at the moment前
in sb’s terms：在…看来
：相对而言
：从总
in relative terms
in general/practical/financial体/实际/财政角度6. go about (doing) sth as far as I know go/get down on one tend to do tend to sth
：着手，从事某事
：据我所知’s knees：跪下
：倾向于干什么：倾向于什么
therefore (adv.)=as a result of that so (conj.)
7. in the eyes of sb=in sb’s eyes=in one’s opinion：在某人看来 keep an eye on sb look sb in the eye
：留神，看管：目不转睛地看某人
keep one’s eyes open：留心看，密切注意
8. sb sth
：给某人端上…
：拿出…来
sb with sth=sth to sb款待某人 serve to do sth as sb/sth
：起…作用
…：担任，充当…
：为…服务，端(饭、菜)
：先到先招
First come, first served.待
Make the past serve the present.为今用 Let those 能者为师
：古
who can serve as teachers.：
二、题型归纳──阅读理解解题要决四──词义猜测题
利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词是阅读的必备技能之一。词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，所考词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。
1. 根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义。这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义，生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。在做这类题时，要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语，在句中多用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号等来连接。
例：…In another survey, 79% of teens agreed that people at their age aren’t careful enough when giving
out information
about themselves online.
Besides, careless
blogging can also affect blog viewers. When you are angry or frustrated, your blog is the first place you turn to. The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later.
To minimize the negative effect,
change the permission setting
and make such posts “private” so that only you can read them.
As long as you are careful with what you post, blogging is a great means of staying in touch with friends and displaying oneQ: The underlined word A. strange
B. perfect
’s creative works.
“rational” probably means____.
C. helpful
D. reasonable
”可知，令人后悔的话肯定是
[分析]通过本句中的定语从句“which you may regret later不理智的、欠思考的，是不太合理的发泄或表达，所以合理的，有道理的。
D选项最贴近于“rational”的意思：
2. 根据因果关系猜测词义。因果关系总是同时出现在文章中，有时原因在前，结果在后；有时结果在前，原因在后，因此我们可以根据这一特定的逻辑关系来推测生词的含义。例：…Technology greatly influences our standpoint on how fast we think everything needs to be done. If you put a dollar in the soda machine, you expect the bottle to move forward and fall down to the bottom. You can
’t count how many times you
’ve
smacked the machine if it went too slow for your expectations. You wanted instant results, immediate fulfillment.Q: The underlined word A. clapped
B. hit
…
“smacked” in the paragraph probably means____. C. kicked
D. pushed
[分析]从本句后半部分“if it went too slow for your expectations显然是你对机器不满意，不知道拍打了它多少次。四个选项中只有C：踢；D：推，均不合适。
”可知，带来的后果B符合。A：鼓掌，轻拍；
3. 根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义。有时分析句子结构，辨别句子成分，分清搭配关系，是判断词义的前提，通过搭配关系得以确定划线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外，转折词让步条件状语从句以及构成意义上的对比关系。
例：Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort. In 1190, it was the king
’s castle with high walls and a round tower. It had
unlike, in spite of, despite, however
but、
等一些介词和副词都可以
a moat to keep out his enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle was no longer needed as a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens. Q: The underlined word
“moat” probably means____.
A.a high tower built in former times where soldiers watched out for enemies B.a long and deep ditch dug round a castle and was usually filled with water C.a cart pulled by horses on which soldiers fought D.a long and high wall around castle
[分析]从上一句中可知，它是国王的城堡，有着高高的围墙和圆形的塔楼，接下来提到的用来抵御敌人的moat不可能还是围墙或塔楼，故可以排除辑的应该是“护城河，壕沟”，故选B。
第17讲
一、Language points 1. concern (vt.) concern(n.)联
concerning(prep.)=as concerns：关于…
：涉及，使关心：关心，担心，关
A、D，也不可能是马车。最符合逻
be concerned with have no concern with关
show concern for sb人
as/so far as就…而言2. rise(vi.) raise(vt.)
：与…有关：同…无
：关心某
…be concerned：
arise(vi.)-arose-arisen现，发生
：出
arouse(vt.)-aroused-aroused唤醒，唤起3. feed(v.) (fed, fed) feed sb (sth)
：喂食
：喂养
：
feed sb with/on sth养
feed sth to sb (animals) feed on以…为主食 feed on live on
：常用于动物：常用于人
：用…喂
：喂…给…吃
…：(动物)
4. be anxious about/for sb/sth：担心…
be anxious for sth/忧虑
be anxious (for sb) to do sth：渴望得到某物
：对…担心
5. in consequence=as a result结果，因此 in consequence of为…的缘故
：由于，因
：
as a consequence (of)：作为…的结果
consequence：指随这而发生的结果，后果
result：指最后的结果，与(cause)相对
6. pass away：去世，逝世 pass by：经过，从…旁走过 pass on：传递，传授
pass through：穿过…，经历… pass off
：消失
pass down：传给 pass out：昏倒7. blame sb for (doing) sth blame sth on sb
sb be to blame for (doing) sth sb be blamed for sth 8. charge sb money for sth 要价 charge money for sth
sb be in charge of sth 主管 sth be in the charge 9. admit sb/sth into to sth允许某人(物)进入 sb
be
admitted
to of sb ：
school/hospital
sth
admit+ doing sth 承认 that-clause
10. make sense：讲得通，有道理，有意义
make sense of sth：懂，了解…的含义
make no sense：讲不通，无意义
in a sense
：就某种意义而言
：参与，卷入
11. be involved in go with attach 附属于 associate联系在一起 react to sth react
：与…相符，相配to：使…属于，使参加，
…with…：把…与…
：对…作出反应
on/upon：对…产生影响
：忘带，留下
：有丰富
leave behind
be abundant in/with的，有大量的 go for tie
：为了…，喜欢…
…to…：把…系/拴在…上
…?：如果…怎么办？
：谈论
what if
remark on/upon sb/sth或评论某人/物
beyond one’s power：超出某人的能力
12. apply oneself to
：专注于…
apply…to…：应用于…，适用
…：适用于…
…：(向…)
apply to
apply (to sb) for申请，请求13. lay off lay down lay out lay aside14. tell
：解雇
：放下武器，交出：展开，展示：把…搁置一旁
…apart：区分，分辨
take…apart：把…拆开 apart from=besides apart from=except 15. get hold of get along with进展 get rid of
：去掉：抓住
…：与…相处，
二、题型归纳──短文改错的解题要决短文改错要做好，常见类型要记牢。名词爱考数与格，冠词在前错多少。动词时态和语态，非谓搭配莫错了。连代形副错一样，多是故意来混淆。介词多半考搭配，多漏误用想周到。句法涉及到一致，从句多考关系词。语法句法均未错，逻辑推理去寻找。一一二六惯常比，回读复查敲定稿。
注：①“一致”包括主谓一致，代词及相应的限定词在数、性、人称方面的一致，主语与主语补语，宾语与宾语补足语的一致。②“一一二六”通常指一处对，一处多余，两处需补加成分，六处需更改，当然此非定比，仅供参考。
1. 常见词法错误。短文改错试题中的词法错误主要包括动词、名词、冠词、形容词、副词、
代词和介词等词类误用，同义词混淆使用，固定搭配错误等方面。根据句子成分分析句子结构和具体词的含义从而作出正确的判断是解答此类试题的关键。
①动词。设错的形式一般有：动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、谓语动词缺失、短暂性动词和延续性动词混用等。
例：I will send you the photos we take together last week.[
分析]考查谓语动词时态。
根据句意“我将给你发送我们上周拍摄的照片”可知，照片为过去拍摄的，所以应用一般过去时。
例：The color TV set
produced in their factory are selling to several countries.[
分
析]考查谓语动词语态。根据句意“他们工厂生产的彩色电视机被卖到许多国家”可知，要用被动语态。
例：More than one student have attended the meeting about the wildlife 析]考查主谓一致。many a, more than one是单数，所以谓语动词应用单数形式。例：We found that some little
girls were made do the job from morning till
night.[
分to
protection.[
分
修饰单数名词，概念上表示复数意义，但中心词
析]考查非谓语动词。make后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但在被动语态中，不定式符号不能省略。
例：According to the survey, students working to earn money for their own use.[
分
析]谓语动词缺失。该句中working是v-ing形式，不可以单独作谓语，根据句意应将working改为原形work作谓语动词。
例：They had got in touch with each other for ages before they met at last.[考查短暂性动词和延续性动词辨析。
get in touch with
分析]
表示短暂性动作，不能和表示时间
段的for ages连用，所以应将got改为kept或been。
②名词。主要是对可数名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词所有格、名词作定语等的考查。例：Xiao Ming and I walked into the bar and ordered two coffee. [分析]考查可数名词单复数的误用。
coffee本是不可数名词，但和数词连用时为可数名词，
表示“一杯咖啡”，因此两杯coffee要改为coffees。例：Holding the Olympic Games is great success to our country.
[分析]考查抽象名词具体化。success当“成功”讲时是不可数名词，但指具体的一件事时，是可数名词，前面须加不定冠词
a。
例：The woman teachers are dancing in the hall and everyone is happy.
[分析]考查名词作定语。man, woman等作定语时，其单复数形式以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。此处应该把woman改为women。
③冠词。主要是从固定搭配中冠词的误用、冠词漏用、不定冠词查。
例：Suddenly, I caught a sight of my old friend in the crowd. [分析]考查固定搭配。catch sight of
为固定搭配，意为“瞥见”。
分析]考查冠词漏用。在表示方位、方
a和an的误用等方面进行考
例：Everyone knows that the sun rises in east.[向等的名词前要用定冠词
the。
例：On the way to the village, they met a 11-year-old boy who looked a little frightened.[
分析]考查不定冠词。短语
11-year-old
的读音是以元音音素[i]开头，所以其
前应用不定冠词an。
④形容词、副词。在试题中一般设两行，难度适中，常见的考点有：形容词和副词的误用、形容词和副词比较等级的误用、比较等级修饰语的误用等。
例：Some students will be happy in an open educational school than in a traditional classroom.[分析]考查形容词的比较等级。该句中含有一个应改为happier。
例：I was very angry, but they were very angrier.[级前可用表示程度的副词，如
分析]考查比较等级的修饰语。比较
any, a lot, a bit, a little, than的比较级句型，因此happy
even, much, very much, still,
far等来修饰，而very, quite, so, fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级。
⑤代词。常见的考点有：人称代词与物主代词的误用、不定代词的误用等。此类试题解答的关键是准确把握行文逻辑关系。
例：The twins begin to hate this kind of work that can destroy his happiness.[
分
析]考查物主代词。该句的主语是twins为复数形式，后面的代词his为单数形式与主语不一致，所以应把his改为their。例：He and his children
felt tired but neither of them would
stop to have a rest.[
分
析]考查不定代词。neither指“两个都不”，该句明显是指三个或三个以上的人，所以neither应改为none。
⑥介词。主要考查介词的多用或遗漏。
例：Last Sunday we took a bus to visit to a factory. [分析]考查介词的多用。visit
作名词用时，后常和介词
to连用，构成短语pay a visit
to
意为“参观，拜访”；但作动词时为及物动词，后面直接跟表示地点的名词。例：I disagreed him about how we ought to deal with the matter. [分析]考查介词的遗漏。Disagree with sb about sth
意为“不同意某人某事”。
2. 常见句法错误。短文改错中的句法错误通常表现为简单句、复合句以及疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和强调句等错误。这类句子在短文改错中所占的比例较大，解答此类试题时，对句子结构分析正确很关键。
①简单句。考查主要以基本的句型为主。例：His words made all of us were happy.[应去掉be动词were。
例：How beautiful flowers he gave me as a present for my birthday! [分析]考查感叹句的感叹词。该句中导。
例：There had a discussion on how to solve the problem yesterday afternoon.[考查there be句型。There be句型表示“有”，谓语动词要用be动词。②强调句。考查其基本的句型结构。
例：It was at midnight when my brother and I got back home yesterday. [分析]考查强调句型。判断即能否把it is/was
it is
…句型是不是强调句型主要是看能否将此句恢复成原句，
分析]
beatiful
修饰的是名词flowers，所以应用what来引分析]考查简单句。make后接复合宾语，因此
…that/who…去掉。如果去掉后，剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句
子，就是强调句型，否则就不是。
例：Why is that smoking is not allowed here?[分析]此句是个强调句。强调疑问词为将该句强调句型去掉并还原就成了：
Why is smoking not allowed here?
why，
③复合句。主要是对状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句等的考查。解答此类试题的关键是在读懂句意的基础上判断它属于什么从句。
例：When he was a little boy, his mother was very poor that she had to send him to a rich family.[very改为so。
例：The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through it he could climb out.[
分析]
分析]考查状语从句。该句是
so…that…句型，意为“如此…以至于…”，
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，两个分句之间没有任何并列连词，因此不是并列句。后一分句应该是定语从句修饰先行词
hole，所以应将it改为关系代词which。
3. 常见行文逻辑错误。很多情况下，在短文改错试题中，判断错误不能只从某个词本身，甚至不能只从整个句子本身看，而要从上下文，乃至整篇文章去理解。这属于对文章逻辑关系的考查，这就要求我们做题时要准确把握文章的意思、内在的逻辑关系、篇章结构等。（1）前后句之间和上下文中的逻辑错误。例：This was a lie, and his teacher did not know.[它们应该是转折关系，因此要将
and改为but。
分析]考查上下句之间的逻辑关系，
例：Xiao Ming and I went to the same school and then to the same university. So we hadn’t met each other since then.[系。
（2）代词或副词指代所引起的逻辑错误。
例：I gave private make-up lessons to three of my friends, so that we would have a chance of passing the examination.[
分析]考查代词指代。根据句意可以看出前后人称不
。
分析]前后两个句子应该是转折关系，而不是因果关
一致。应把we改为they，指代three of my friends
例：I’ll never forget the first day at that factory. We arrived here early in the morning.[分析]由“that factory
”可知，作者在写这句话时，立足点不是在工厂，故应将
here改为there表示离说话人较远的地方。
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