英语四级长难句分析练习讲义初稿

第三讲：英语四级中的长难句

在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly. (2008年12月)

主干：

四级写作与阅读是一个互逆的过程，巧妙地将简单句转化为复合句会令四级作文大大增色。

◆The man is a criminal.

你能尝试将这样一句简单通俗的句子通过巧妙地添加成分变成一句有高水平的长难句吗？

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认真学习本节课内容，重新领悟大学英语四级考试阅读理解和写作的内在联系，找到提高两项成绩的捷径。

◆长难句特点：

1、主语或宾语拉长

2、分词短语打头

3、多个谓语动词连用

4、举例作为插入语

5、多重复合句叠加(从句套从句)

◆总原则：浓缩主干，找出核心句型

1、主语或宾语拉长

(1) The streams, lakes, meadows(草地）, mountain ridges and forests that make the Pocono an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. （2005.6）

主干：

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Eg. We learned from the passage that

A. Wild life in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly

B. The security of the Pocono residents is being threatened

C. The population in the Pocono area is growing

D. Farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast

(2) Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)….Store managers are often the last to hear complaints…

主干：

★Eg Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints? (2008年12月)

A. Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.

B. Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them

C. Few customers believe the service will be improved

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D. Customers have no easy access to store managers

(3) In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.

主干：

2、分词短语打头

(1) Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you’ll die on average five years before a woman. (2008年12月)

主干：

(2) Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (2007年12月)

主干：

★Eg, The author took great pains to refine her daughter’s stories because (2007年12月)

A. She believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance

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B. She did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much

C. she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dream of becoming a writer

D. she was afraid Rebecca’s imagination might run wild while writing

(3) Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time.(2009.6)

主干：

★Eg, What is said about Future Fashion(mentioned in the first sentence of this paragraph)?

A. It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.

B. It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized

C. It inspired many leading designers to start going green

D. It convinced the public that fashionable clothes should be made durable

3、多个谓语动词连用

(1)We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and

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realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)

4、举例作为插入语

(1)His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. (2006年6月)

主干：

(2) The logo, along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips, would help facilitate the company’s global expansion. (2005年12月)

主干：

注意：发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！

(3) As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states — light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — that repeats approximately every 90 minutes. (2006年6月)

(4) And economics, with its emphasis on incentives，provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education. (2006年6月)

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5、多重复合句叠加(从句套从句)

(1)Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (2009年6月)

(2)While there’s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you. (2005年12月)

【实战练习】

1. In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn’t get the job done. (2005年12月)

★仿写：Recreational Activities

2. In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain School District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement. (2005年12月)

★Eg. What has happened to the Vrain School District?

A. A huge financial problem has arisen.

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B. Many schools there are mismanaged.

C. Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit

D. Many administrative personnel have been laid off.

3. Thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks. (2005年12月)

★Eg. （多亏一系列新发明），doctors can treat this disease successfully.(2007.12 translation)

4. I wondered what I would do if confronted with a real midair medical emergency without access to a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. (2005年12月)

★wonder at/ wonder what/ wonder if/ wonder why/ no wonder

Examples:

★面对困难，我们应该坚持不懈的追求梦想。

Translation:

★越来越多的博物馆免费开放，目的是使更多的有机会参观博物馆。(2009.6 )

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Translation:

5. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. (2006年6月)

★复习it is +adj+that….

It is necessary that (提前预定火车票)

It is required that (周三之前交作业)

★Eg. It is important that (你知道去哪寻求帮助当遇到困难时)

It is +adj+that 的虚拟语气中，adj一般有以下几种经常出现：

表示“要求”的：required, demanded, requested, desired

表示“建议”的：suggested, recommended

表示“迫切、紧近、重要”的：imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital

表示“适当、较好”的：appropriate, advisable,

表示“可能”的：probable, possible

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表示“命令”的：ordered

6. (1) He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. (2006年6月)

★it takes sb some time to do sth

学习计算机知识花费了我两年的时间。

Translation:

(2)Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims (2009年6月)

★ What is the scientists’ new discovery? (Reading comprehension)

A. One’s hair growth has to do with the amount of water they drink.

B. A person’s hair may reveal where they have lived.

C. Hair analysis accurately identifies criminal suspects.

D. The chemical composition of hair varies from person to person.

7. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications

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media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. (2006年6月)

★ Eg. Hancock’s study focus on

A. the consequences of lying in various communication media

B. the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas

C. people’s preferences in selecting communications technologies

D. people’s honest levels across a range of communications media

8. The clock, called Sleep Smart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits for you to be in your lightest phase of sleep before rousing you. (2006年6月)

9. Many in-home jobs that used to be done primarily by women — ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to doing voluntary work — still need to be done by someone. (2006年12月)

Abundant recreational activities are available for people to release their strain and stress, ranging from sports to online activities. (2008.6 composition)

仿写：elective courses

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10. An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. (2006年6月)插入成分

11. Facing their children’s complaints of “nothing to do”, parents were shelling out large numbers of dollars for various forms of entertainment. (2005年12月)

【活学活用】

I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

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The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

Instead of staring at a blank screen filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.

A) no one can be both creative and critical

B) they cannot be regarded as equally important

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C) they are in constant conflict with each other

D) one cannot use them at the same time

58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.

A) putting their ideas in raw form

B) attempting to edit as they write

C) ignoring grammatical soundness

D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts

59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?

A) To organize one’s thoughts logically.

B) To choose an appropriate topic.

C) To get one’s ideas down.

D) To collect raw materials.

60. One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that ________.

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A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind

B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards

C) it may bring about too much criticism

D) it does not help them to think clearly

61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?

A) It refines his writing into better shape.

B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.

C) It saves the writing time available to him.

D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.

【学习小结】：

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