《科技英语阅读》课后习题答案

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Unit 1 Mathematics

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Who is Bertrand Russell?

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox?

Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.

3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell‘s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, ―Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept‘s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views.

4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox?

Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction)

axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called \"no class\" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function \"x is a set,\" may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same \"type.\" 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it?

Contradictions like Russell‘s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo‘s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms:

a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical.

b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b.

c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties.

d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S.

e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the members of the sets contained in S.

f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S.

g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members.

With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the

―iterative‖ conception of a set.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell‘s paradox

Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell‘s paradox on Gottlob Frege‘s system.

Para. 2: Russell‘s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege‘s attempts to

develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.

Para. 3: An illustration of Russell‘s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set.

Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell‘s paradox on

his system and inability to solve it.

Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel‘s paradox

Para. 6: Russell‘s own response to the paradox with his \"theory of

types.\"

Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox

Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation

for all of mathematics?

Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell‘s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell‘s paradox in terms of sets?

3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell‘s paradox

4) Is Russell‘s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open)

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.

axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called \"no class\" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function \"x is a set,\" may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same \"type\". Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of discovery, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen

other math whizzes.

2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal correspondence if it relates to the contents of the package.

3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer symbolic notation to other numeric representations.

4) To do this, an ideal model based on the equality paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect. 5) Is this not in flagrant contradiction to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?

6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a logical order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports. 7) The mathematical description of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.

8) The proof we now know required the development of an entire field of mathematics that was unknown in Fermat's time.

9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, ―the one high school class that demands formal reasoning,‖ have already been ―gutted‖

and are no longer proof-based.

10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be unable to cover the expanse of technologies economically.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities (\"initial\" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information.

2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of \"weak\" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions.

3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie.

4) While most of us are used to representing physical objects in the

terms of one, two, or three dimensions (or four, if one considers time ) , Mandelbrot came up with a wayof representing another ―dimension‖ of an object — that is, its degree of roughness andirregularity.

5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions.

6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word.

7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as \" the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. \" 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an

important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance. 10)

The original double entrance doors to the booking hall

had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows.

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.

1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' - topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.

2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As

activity

was

monitored,

located

just

above

the

forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.

4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary

computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.

4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.

2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.

3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.

4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.

5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.

Discourse Understanding

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,

which do not fit in any of the blanks. 1. C. 2. E. 3. G. 4. A. 5. F.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?

This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.

2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?

. The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because He coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and

smaller scales.

3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?

Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery?

Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim?

Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage.

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of fractal sets and to a particular instance of such a set.

2) In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the complex plane such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable.

3) The Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the quadratic recurrence equation z_(n+1)=z_n^2+c with z_0=c, where points

in the

complex plane for which the orbit of z_n does not tend to infinity are in the set.

4) Setting z_0equal to any point in the set that is not a periodic point gives the same result.

5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a molecule by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.

迭代函数优先权之争分形特征有意义 iterative function priority battle fractal properties makes sense 以越来越小的规模重复同一模patterns repeat themselves at 式混沌理论季刊数学界波纹线会议公报 smaller and smaller scales chaos theory a quarterly journal the mathematics community crisp lines Proceedings of a conference

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) In addition to coining the term \"fractal\" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as \"fractal dimensions\" and the particular

fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.

2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia. 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the \"perfected\" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.

4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

5) But despite being the inspiration for such metaphysics, Mandelbrot, when asked if fractals don't point to a single rule underlying reality, has simply stated, \"There is no single rule that governs the use of geometry. I don't think one exists\".

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 他主要是因为用分形这个概念来描述（海岸线、雪花、山脉和树木）等不规则形状等现象而闻名于世，这些不规则形状在越来越小的规模上不断重复同一模式。

2) 如果再仔细观察，就可以发现集的边界并没有呈波纹线，而是像火焰一样闪光。

3) 但是，克朗兹在这场辩论中引入了一个新东西，他说曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特集发明的，而是早在―曼德布洛特集‖这个术语出现几年以前就已经明确地在数学文献中出现了。 4) 曼德布洛特同时也暗示即使布鲁克斯和马特尔斯基的论文先于他发表，但因为他们没有领会到其价值，仍然不能将他们看作是曼德布洛特集的发现者。

5) 对胡巴德和杜阿迪指责他对论文中材料来源的说明上做得非常少，曼德布洛特回应说也有人也指责过他过分引用别人的成果。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Like the geometry that he made famous, both his life and the course of his work was neither linear nor simplistic in shape and form 2) Mandelbrot says he spent the next two years groping, exploring first one field and then another, without any clear sense of the

connecting thread.

3) Stranger still, he found that the ratio of periods of noise to periods of clean transmission remained constant, regardless of the scale of time used to plot the phenomenon.

4) Using records dating back to 1900, he began to perceive an astonishing pattern – one that hearkened back to his work on line noise a decade earlier.

5) Although price changes were erratic in terms of normal distribution and no one could predict the exact amount of any particular price change, the changes themselves followed a symmetrical pattern with regards to scaling

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Reading Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

Nota Bene: Due to the nature of the questions in exercise, it is neither appropriate nor possible to provide one single ―correct answer‖ for the learners. Therefore, the ―answers‖ suggested as follows could be better

understood as a general guideline for classroom discussions rather than mandatory criteria for academic performance.

Exercise 1

It is the judgment from the creator of the exercise that SQ3R could serve the reading needs of the learners well in general. In fact, literature is abundant for discussions around a version of SQ3R specially adapted for reading math texts. However, once again, it might be beneficial for learners and their instructors as well to bear in mind that the choice of SQ3R is by no means mandatory for reading the text in exercise one, nor the ―best‖ option. It is very important for the instructor to tolerate different reading choices, so long as, of course, the choices can be justified in a rational way.

However, for instructors and learners working in a somewhat ―orthodox‖ method, following guideline for doing SQ3R in math readings might be useful.

General Guideline for SQ3R in math readings Step one Survey Preview what the text is about by (if applicable):  Reading the introduction and conclusion 20

 Reading any questions provided by the author—usually at beginning or end  Look at the problems at the end of the chapter  Identify and look up any new terms or theorems  Review any previously learned terms or equations that you might need to know You may wish to use the space below to identify any unknown terms and look them up in the glossary ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Step two Question After you have surveyed the text, and using what you have learned from class, you should be able to formulate some questions about the reading. Maybe it is something that you are confused about, or something that you are curious to see how a certain problem is solved. You could also use the introduction, conclusion, any other chapter sections, and/or class notes to help you develop some questions about the chapter. 21

Step three Read This step is used in conjunction with the previous Question step. By breaking the text into parts by asking questions and reading to find the answers, you are actively reading. So, by this stage you should already:  Know what all the vocabulary and symbols mean  Have formulated questions for the section you are about to read. Read to answer those questions. Write the answers down. After you have read the entire section, you may want to jot down other notes, ideas or questions that you may have. Step four Study the Problems You are now ready to Study the Problems. This is the hard part for most people. But you should feel confident: You know the vocabulary terms and symbols and have read actively throughout the chapter. So, here‘s what to do next (if applicable):  Look back to the problems presented in the text  Analyze it, putting abstract formulas in your own words  Ask yourself these questions: What concepts, formulas, and rules were applied? What methods were used to solve the problem? Why was that method used? What was the first step, second step …? Have any of these steps been combined? What differences or similarities are there between examples in the book and any homework problems? 22

 Draw diagrams, and use labels Remember: Take Notes and write things in your own words as much as possible, i.e., do not COPY words from the texts! Step five After Studying the Problem Close the book and go over what you have just done with the problems, and verbalize. Putting problem solving into your own words will help you remember what to do on different problems. Focus on the processes used, not specifically the answer. Ask yourself these questions:  What concepts, formulas, and rules did I apply to solve the problem?  What methods did I use?  How did I begin? Walk yourself through the problem again out loud.  Can I do this problem another way? Can I simplify it?  Does this problem compare with others from class or homework? Talk out the problems and then write down your explanations in your notes. Step six Review After about 1-2 days  Look back over your chapter and your notes  Recite again how you solved each problem  Review the vocabulary terms, symbols and formulas  List and study the concepts and formulas that are the most important 23

from this text. You may need to review multiple times before the next class, or next test. This step should be the easiest because you were actively learning the material along the way.

Exercise 2

One of the suggested ―answers‖ to the practice could be tables. Before we can make a table, we have to know what the rows and columns are going to be. Since the text is essentially a list of the five Platonic solids with information about each one, the table will have a row for each solid, or five rows.

What are the columns going to be? To answer this we go back to the text. What kinds of information does it give us about each Platonic solid? It gives us the number of faces, what regular polygon each face is, the number of vertices, the number of faces that meet at each vertex, and the number of edges. That tells us both how many columns we need and what the column heads will be. We need a total of seven columns, one for the name of the solid and one for each piece of information.

Now we can draw the table, adding the appropriate number of rows and columns. Write the column heads at the top of each column. Then write the name of each Platonic solid at the start of each row.

Finally, we can go through the text again to find the information for each cell. Here‘s the finished table from the creator of the exercise.

Unit 2 Physics

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. What is quantum physics?

Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such small realms. 2. Do you know anything about dark matter?

Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies.

A small percentage of the gravitational effects observed are from visible matter (some estimates are as low as 4% of total gravitational effects). The remaining 96% is presumed to result from dark matter or

dark energy, though these terms are somewhat indicative of our ignorance of the exact nature of these unknown quantities, as they have never been directly observed.

One possible candidate for dark matter are theoretical particles known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are being searched for by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment.

3. What is dark energy?

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter.

The term \"dark energy\" was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner.

4. Have you ever heard of the big bang theory? Can you give an account of it?

The Big Bang is the dominant (and highly supported) theory of the origin of the universe. In essence, this theory states that the universe

began from an initial point or singularity which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it.

In 1927, Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaitre independently calculated the Friedman solution and again suggested that the universe must be expanding. This theory was supported by Hubble when, in 1929, he found that there was a correlation between the distance of the galaxies and the amount of redshift in that galaxy's light. The distant galaxies were moving away faster, which was exactly what was predicted by Lemaitre's solutions.

In 1931, Lemaitre went further with his predictions, extrapolating backwards in time find that the matter of the universe would reach an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This means the universe must have begun in an incredibly small, dense point of matter - a \"primeval atom.\"

5. How do you understand string theory?

String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model of quantum physics.

String theory was initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics.

As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that applies to string theory cannot be uniquely solved. Physicists must apply perturbation theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true.

The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a \"theory of everything,\" including a solution to the problem of quantum gravity, to reconcile quantum physics with general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energy

Para. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which tugs galaxies

away from each other.

Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.

Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists‘ hypothetic form of energy to

explain the universe‘s expansion.

Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectations

Para. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a case of science

confounding expectations.

Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the

universe‘s rate of expansion.

Para. 6: The universe‘s rate of expansion was speeding up.

Para. 7: The result was beyond experts‘ expectations which caused

much nervous laughter.

Para. 8: The measurements of supernovae provided the evidence that

the universe‘s rate of ballooning was speeding up.

Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different

distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.

Part 3 (Paras. 10-13): The rate of the expansion of the universe: shocking results

Para. 10: The rate of the universe‘s expansion is accelerating. Para. 11: More researches done by other experts also show the same

results.

Para. 12: Einstein‘s cosmological constant has been revived to

explain the puzzling findings.

Para. 13: The cosmological constant is one of the leading theories to

explain the expansion of the universe.

Part 4 (Paras. 14-17): The difference between dark energy and dark matter

Para. 14: The confusion of dark energy and dark matter. Para. 15: Dark matter is invisible hypothesized form of matter. Para. 16: Dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the

mass of the universe.

Para. 17: The discovery of dark energy makes some people believe

that there are several universes.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What‘s dark energy before and after you studied the text? 2) In your eyes, what‘s gravity and anti-gravity?

3) Did gravity slow down the rate of the expansion of the universe? Why or why not?

4) Can you explain Doppler Effect in detail?

5) Do you know any story of Einstein‘s cosmological constant?

6) What is dark matter? What‘s the difference between dark energy and dark matter?

7) Is it true or false that the universe is formed mainly of dark energy and dark matter? Can you give some evidence?

8) Are you one of the believers in multiple universes? Why? (Open)

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.

Dark energy — the mysterious stuff that is stretching space and speeding the expansion of the universe — is said to have been around at least 9 billion years. It is a hypothetical form of energy, which is somewhat like anti-gravity that draws galaxies away from each other. In the mid-1990s, when astronomers went about measuring the rate of the expansion of the universe, they surprisingly found that the universe‘s ballooning was speeding up, which was beyond many astrophysicists‘ expectations. Some other researchers also found that the universe is blowing up faster today than at any time in the past. All these puzzles open up an opportunity for some scientists to revive Einstein‘s discarded idea — cosmological constant. Though dark energy and dark matter (invisible) are separate entities, people are always confused

about them. It seems that dark energy accounts for 74 percent of the universe, while dark matter adds about 22 percent. The discovery of dark energy is bizarre and adds fuel to the fire of believers in multiple universes.

Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) When triggered by an input pulse, a monostable multivibrator will switch to its unstable position for a period of time, and then return to its stable state.

2) Christian revival is a term that generally refers to a specific period of increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or many churches, either regionally or globally. 3) Superclusters are large groups of smaller galaxy groups and clusters and are among the largest structures of the cosmos.

4) During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings.

5) In computing and communications, data processing combined with telecommunications, e. g., the use of a telephone network to connect a remote terminal to a computer or to two interconnect computers. 6) Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects such as galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions.

7) An earthquake's hypocenter is the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is first released, and is the point where the fault begins to rupture. This occurs at the focal depth below the epicentre. 8) Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against consumerism, the equating of personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions.

9) By inducing compression, mechanical properties such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity, can be measured. Scientists may utilize press machines to induce it. 10)

Two-dimensional collisions, both elastic and inelastic, may be demonstrated on this table.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) Skin injury, infection, stress, and certain drugs may trigger psoriasis. Skin cells move at an accelerated rate from the dermis into the epidermis, where they slough off, causing inflammation.

牛皮癣可能由皮肤外伤、感染、压力和某些药物引起。皮肤细胞自真皮加速移至表皮处，并在表皮脱落引起发炎症状。 2) What is clear to just about everyone is that Jordan's queen faces challenges common to many among her generation, but on a much grander scale.

几乎每个人都明白，约旦王后面临的挑战也是她同时代许多人所遇到的，但对她的挑战更为艰巨。

3) The result is a classic case of what economists call network effects: success in the past creates success in the future.

结果就形成了经济学中网络效应的典型例证：过去的成功创造了未来的成功。

4) Friction gradually caused the sliding box to slow down and stop. 摩擦力使向下滑的箱子减慢速度后停下来。

5) Most of the data structures and algorithms used to represent and manipulate information in software are logic tools based on mathematical algorithms.

在表达和处理软件中的信息时，大多数数据结构和算法是基于

数学算法的逻辑工具。

6) We shall refer to this force as the driving force on the particle. 我们把这个力叫做作用在粒子上的驱动力。

7) Heat must not be confused with temperature, which determines the direction of transfer of heat.

务必不要把热与温度混同起来，温度决定着热传输的方向。 8) Observation, reason and experiment make up what we call the scientific method.

观察、推理和实验，这些内容构成了我们所说的科学方法。 9) And in the longer term disparate systems may converge and become interconnected, bringing up a whole host of new questions. 除此之外，从长远来看，现在格格不入的系统也许在将来某天会融合到一起，变得互相相连，从而带来一系列全新的问题。 10)

For example, when employees in a company are busy

fighting each other, competitors can add fuel to the fire.

例如，公司里员工整天斗来斗去，竞争者就有可能火上添油。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.

1) It seems that the rate of expansion of the Universe is accelerating, driven by the so-called dark energy.

2) The nature of the ‗dark energy‘ that is causing the apparent accelerated expansion of the Universe is, without doubt, the biggest mystery in physics and astronomy.

3) Although it was astrophysical observations of the acceleration that led to the discovery of dark energy, there are precious few tests that can be performed to work out what dark energy is.

4) We can infer the presence of dark matter through indirect methods, despite not being able to see it.

5) Over the past decade, researchers have reported several impressive discoveries aimed at controlling the flow of light in ways that defy common intuition.

4. Directions: With the meaning intact, change the following sentences into nominalized ones.

1) The discovery of dark energy is a classic case of science confounding expectations.

2) The thesis gives an analysis of the specific problem and offers a solution to it.

3) The accuracy of the results of the experiment is doubtful.

4) The observation of many supernovae by scientists at different distances determines the speed of their moving away from us. 5) The findings of the researchers also show that the expansion of the universe is at the greatest rate up to now. Discourse Understanding 1. F. 2. D. 3. G. 4. A. 5. C.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. What is a quantum computer? What does quantum physics have to do with computing?

A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of

quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers have been built on the small scale and work continues to upgrade them to more practical models.

2. How do classical computers work?

Classical computers function by storing data in a binary number format, which result in a series of 1s & 0s retained in electronic components such as transistors. Each component of computer memory is called a bit and can be manipulated through the steps of Boolean logic so that the bits change, based upon the algorithms applied by the computer program, between the 1 and 0 modes (sometimes referred to as \"on\" and \"off\").

3. How would a quantum computer work?

A quantum computer, on the other hand, would store information as either a 1, 0, or a quantum superposition of the two states. Such a \"quantum bit,\" called a qubit, allows for far greater flexibility than the binary system.

Specifically, a quantum computer would be able to perform calculations on a far greater order of magnitude than traditional computers ... a concept which has serious concerns and applications in the realm of cryptography & encryption. Some fear that a successful

& practical quantum computer would devastate the world's financial system by ripping through their computer security encryptions, which are based on factoring large numbers that literally cannot be cracked by traditional computers within the life span of the universe. A quantum computer, on the other hand, could factor the numbers in a reasonable period of time.

To understand how this speeds things up, consider this example. If the qubit is in a superposition of the 1 state and the 0 state, and it performed an calculation with another qubit in the same superposition, then one calculation actually obtains 4 results: a 1/1 result, a 1/0 result, a 0/1 result, and a 0/0 result. This is a result of the mathematics applied to a quantum system when in a state of decoherence, which lasts while it is in a superposition of states until it collapses down into one state. The ability of a quantum computer to perform multiple computations simultaneously (or in parallel, in computer terms) is called quantum parallelism.

The exact physical mechanism at work within the quantum computer is somewhat theoretically complex and intuitively disturbing. Generally, it is explained in terms of the multi-world interpretation of quantum physics, wherein the computer performs calculations not only in our universe but also in other universes simultaneously, while the various qubits are in a state of quantum decoherence. (While this

sounds far fetched, the multi-world interpretation has been shown to make predictions which match experimental results.) 4. Do you know the history of quantum computing?

Quantum computing tends to trace its roots back to a 1959 speech by Richard P. Feynman in which he spoke about the effects of miniaturization, including the idea of exploiting quantum effects to create more powerful computers. (This speech is also generally considered the starting point of nanotechnology.)

Of course, before the quantum effects of computing could be realized, scientists and engineers had to more fully develop the technology of traditional computers. This is why, for many years, there was little direct progress, nor even interest, in the idea of making Feynman's suggestions into reality.

In 1985, the idea of \"quantum logic gates\" was put forth by University of Oxford's David Deutsch, as a means of harnessing the quantum realm inside a computer. In fact, Deutsch's paper on the subject showed that any physical process could be modeled by a quantum computer.

Nearly a decade later, in 1994, AT&T's Peter Shor devised an algorithm that could use only 6 qubits to perform some basic factorizations ... more qubits the more complex the numbers requiring

factorization became, of course.

A handful of quantum computers have been built. The first, a 2-qubit quantum computer in 1998, could perform trivial calculations before losing decoherence after a few nanoseconds. In 2000, teams successfully built both a 4-qubit and a 7-qubit quantum computer. Research on the subject is still very active, although some physicists and engineers express concerns over the difficulties involved in up scaling these experiments to full-scale computing systems. Still, the success of these initial steps does show that the fundamental theory is sound.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage. B

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) Being a quantum system, the superposition principle is: the qubit‘s state can be any combination, or superposition, of the two configurations.

2) Quantum computing requires the physical manipulation — initialization, control and measurement — of the state of many qubits.

3) Quantum computing, which exploit quantum systems to perform more efficient calculations, still was primarily of academic interest. 4) In 1994, Peter Shor designed an outstanding quantum algorithm, which could break cryptographic codes commonly used for Internet communication and commerce, thus making it clear that quantum computers had tangible advantages.

5) One of the original motivations for considering quantum computers is that exponential speed-ups would be found in simulations of quantum phenomena. 6) A physical medium that can support quantum systems possessing two distinguishable configurations for realizing the qubits is needed. 7) Entanglement is a property of certain joint states of two or more spatially separated quantum systems.

8) It is possible to digitize quantum computations arbitrarily accurately, using relatively limited resources, by applying quantum-error-correction strategies developed for this purpose. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 处理量子信息超导电路电荷或通量文字处理虚拟实验室组织制度空间分离没有明显的有待观察 …正在进行中 manipulate information superconducting circuit charge or flux word processing virtual laboratory constituent system spatial separation with no apparent limit remain to be seen be under way

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) Researchers realized that, by manipulating quantum systems directly, they could circumvent the hurdles of simulating quantum phenomena using classical computers.

quantum 44

2) There are other, similarly well-structured mathematical problems for which quantum algorithms can yield solutions dramatically faster than can classical computers.

3) What we have is a number of fundamental quantum-algorithm tools that can be widely applied, and we are seeking more such tools. 4) This typically means that we must be able to access and modify the state of individual qubits and qubit pairs without affecting the other qubits — in much the same way as bits in classical computers are manipulated by applying circuit elements that act on one or two bits. 5) Because the physical interactions that underlie the computation‘s gates depend on parameters that take a continuous range of values, it is generally believed that it is impractical to achieve high accuracy directly.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 如果能够充分满足制造量子计算机所需的条件，量子纠错就能消除物理上合理的计算误差及退相干过程所带来的影响。 2) 虽然这个极限视具体情况而定，但大家达成一个共识：为了实现可扩展性要求，一个量子门运用中所产生的错误率必须小于0.0001。 (Probability of error is a somewhat loose way of quantifying the inaccuracy of quantum processes.)

3) 满足这些要求的一个量子位的储存器已经面世了，两个量子位的储存器也快了。

4) 已经进行了大量实验，包括核磁共振系统（量子位与分子中核自旋相关）和光学系统（用光子实现量子位）。

5) 理想情况下，所有的（量子）计算应基于一些基本元件，利用这些元件的量子特性所需的额外资源远少于用它们进行经典计算时所需。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) We can dare to say, if there were not quantum entanglement phenomena, there would be no quantum information of today. 2) A quantum computer is a device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data.

3) In1994, Peter Shor devised an quantum algorithm that could use only 6 qubits to perform some basic factorizations.

4) The general idea is to break up a message into blocks of binary data — strings of ―0‖s and ―1‖s.

5) The thesis discussed the basic structure of quantum gate in detail.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Reading Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy Exercise 1

Possible moves in the text are presented as follows.

The Text Linear stability analysis by means of low-order Discourse Moves Paragraph-level Move: network situating the research, reporting the design, finding and models is widely spread…1. Even method, though a vast amount of possible applications of current publications on this topic exist, research. much less is reported on …2. In this sense, little effort has been made on investigating…. Here, this lack of the current research by reviewing a comprehensive experimental the literature (what has been done validation is addressed by using a model-based control scheme4. This scheme is able to … 5. It is by others) Acts towards Move 1 3 Move 1: situating and justify 47

employed to …6. By doing so, the transient behavior of the system can be studied 7. In addition to that, an 1 research; situating the current 2-3 justify the need of current extension of the common research: filling the gap of knowledge the predicted growth rates are only compared with measurements with respect to their sign, which Move 2: reporting the method, procedure…is given8. Generally, obviously lacks a quantitative design and findings from the component9. In contrast to that, in current research this paper, validation of linear stability analysis is conducted by 3-5 reporting the scheme used comparing calculated and in the research; experimentally determined linear growth rates of unstable modes 10. Besides this, experimental results and model predictions are also compared in terms of frequency of 6-8 justifying the scheme in use in relation to research design and method; 9 reporting possible pitfalls of Acts towards Move 2 the least stable mode 11. Excellent current method; agreement between computations from the model and experiments is found 12. The concept is also used 12 findings or the research 10-11 reporting the method; 48

for active control of combustion instabilities 1313-15 applications of the findings from the current research . By tuning the downstream reflectivity of the combustion test rig, thermoacoustic instabilities can be suppressed 14. The underlying mechanism is an increase in the acoustic energy losses across the system boundary 15.

Exercise 2

Due to the nature of the questions, no a priori answers are provided for the questions discussed.

However, this does not necessarily mean that the learning process can not be monitored. In fact, the instructor can still monitor the learning process by a variety of means, for instance the ―Questioning the Author Activity” introduced in the reading strategy section in chapter 1.

Unit 3 Network Security

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. What is the Internet?

The Internet is the world‘s largest network of networks. When you want to access the resources offered by the Internet, you don‘t really connect to the Internet; you connect to a network that is eventually connected to the Internet backbone, a network of extremely fast (and incredibly overloaded!) network components. This is an important point: the Internet is a network of networks -- not a network of hosts. A simple network can be constructed using the same protocols and such that the Internet uses without actually connecting it to anything else. Such a basic network is shown in Figure3.

Figure 3: A Simple Local Area Network

I might be allowed to put one of my hosts on one of my employer‘s networks. We have a number of networks, which are all connected together on a backbone, that is a network of our networks. Our backbone is then connected to other networks, one of which is to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) whose backbone is connected to other networks, one of which is the Internet backbone.

If you have a connection ―to the Internet‖ through a local ISP, you are actually connecting your computer to one of their networks, which is connected to another, and so on. To use a service from my host, such as a web server, you would tell your web browser to connect to my host. Underlying services and protocols would send packets (small datagrams) with your query to your ISP‘s network, and then a network they‘re connected to, and so on, until it found a path to my employer‘s backbone, and to the exact network my host is on. My host would then respond appropriately, and the same would happen in reverse: packets would traverse all of the connections until they found their way back to your computer, and you were looking at my web page.

In Figure4, the network shown in Figure3 is designated ―LAN 1‖ and shown in the bottom-right of the picture. This shows how the hosts on that network are provided connectivity to other hosts on the same LAN, within the same company, outside of the company, but in the same ISP cloud, and then from another ISP somewhere on the Internet. Figure 4: A Wider View of Internet-connected Networks

The Internet is made up of a wide variety of hosts, from supercomputers to personal computers, including every imaginable type of hardware and software. 2. Do you know anything about IP?

As noted, IP is a ―network layer‖ protocol. This is the layer that allows the hosts to actually ``talk'' to each other. Such things as carrying

datagrams, mapping the Internet address (such as 10.2.3.4) to a physical network address (such as 08:00:69:0a:ca:8f), and routing, which takes care of making sure that all of the devices that have Internet connectivity can find the way to each other. Understanding IP

IP has a number of very important features which make it an extremely robust and flexible protocol. For our purposes, though, we're going to focus on the security of IP, or more specifically, the lack thereof. Attacks Against IP

A number of attacks against IP are possible. Typically, these exploit the fact that IP does not perform a robust mechanism for authentication , which is proving that a packet came from where it claims it did. A packet simply claims to originate from a given address, and there isn't a way to be sure that the host that sent the packet is telling the truth. This isn't necessarily a weakness, per se , but it is an important point, because it means that the facility of host authentication has to be provided at a higher layer on the ISO/OSI Reference Model. Today, applications that require strong host authentication (such as cryptographic applications) do this at the application layer.

IP Spoofing This is where one host claims to have the IP address of another. Since many systems (such as router access control lists) define which packets may and which packets may not pass based on the sender's IP address, this is a useful technique to an attacker: he can send packets to a host, perhaps causing it to take some sort of action.

Additionally, some applications allow login based on the IP address of the person making the request (such as the Berkeley r-commands )[2]. These are both good examples how trusting untrustable layers can provide security that is -- at best -- weak. 3. What is ?

is a social networking website launched in February 2004 that is operated and privately owned by , Inc., with more than 500 million active users in July 2010. Users can add people as friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college. The website's name stems from the colloquial name of books given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the US with the intention of helping students to get to know each other better. allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or

older to become a member of the website. 4. How do you understand network security?

In the field of networking, the specialist area of network security[1] consists of the provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and network-accessible resources.

The terms network security and information security are often used interchangeably. Network security is generally taken as providing protection at the boundaries of an organization by keeping out intruders (hackers). Information security, however, explicitly focuses on protecting data resources from malware attack or simple mistakes by people within an organization by use of data loss prevention (DLP) techniques. One of these techniques is to compartmentalize large networks with internal boundaries. 5. Is privacy important? Why or why not?

There are two general reasons why privacy is important.

For the individual, privacy is important. Unnecessary exposure of sensitive personal information not only creates embarrassment but also an invitation for identity thefts. You may have noticed that many web based email systems monitor your messages on a real time basis and

show you advertisements. Your personal messages are sent over the Internet through many routers and computers. Many of these network nodes, proxies and computers are capable of actively monitoring your conversation without you noticing it.

For businesses, privacy means a competitive advantage. Companies that have a stronger privacy policy are perceived as more trustworthy and trust is the foundation of contemporary business practices, no matter it is business to consumer (B2C) or business to business (B2B) transactions. Privacy is also for pragmatic purpose. Premature release of proprietary information such as product designs, artworks, press announcements, journals, books, movies, engineering architectures and so forth would lead to loss of business opportunities.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to current situation of disclosure of personal information

Para. 1: The line that separates the private from the public is

dissolved.

Para. 2: Personal information disclosure becomes a norm.

Para. 3: Younger members appear comfortable with sharing about

anything and even older ones are adjusting to the trend.

Part 2 (Paras. 4-7): Brief introduction to ‘s members and its features

Para. 4: The composition of ‘s members.

Para. 5: ‘s members keep increasing as the olders sign up. Para. 6: ‘s members are becoming more gregarious. Para. 7: The defining of ―friend‖ online becomes simple.

Part 3 (Paras. 8-17): The analysis of ‘s service on protection of personal information

Para. 8: The growth of membership and of individual networks

seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history.

Para. 9: restored the old language and offered some

changes for ratification.

Para. 10: offers members a lot of privacy options. Para. 11: But sets few restrictions by default on what third-party software can see in a network of friends.

Para. 12: David E. Evans wishes that would begin with

more restrictions on the information that outside software developers can reach.

Para. 13: David E. Evans said that could set defaults erring

on the side of privacy.

Para. 14: As a ‘s chief privacy officer, Chris Kelly defends

its current settings.

Para. 15: David E. Evans believed that banishment of malevolent

software comes too late.

Para. 16: The defaults turn out to be crucially important.

Para. 17: Users are unwilling to take troubles to customizing

permission.

Part 4 (Paras. 18-19): The vague definition of ―friends‖ and its bad effect

Para. 18: The defining of ―friends‖ for ‘s members are

vague.

Para. 19: The distinguish between private and public becomes

pointless since ―friends‖ may be those strangers.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1) What threatens the privacy of individuals through network? 2) In your eyes, is there any difference between friends and friends?

3) Who care little about their privacy from the text?

4) Why the average number of ―friends‖ per member has jumped from 100 to 120 quickly?

5) How to protect one‘s personal information on according to the text?

6) Currently on which side does set defaults erring?

7) According to Mr. Kelly, how many users have never changed their privacy settings?

8) What do you think about network security? (Open)

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.

A social network service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact

over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. Nowadays these sites like has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public. Under the loose label of ―friends‖, disclosure of personal information is accessible to all and sundry. Even worse, most members on are young and careless of their privacy, and newly signing up members are learning to become more gregarious. But sets few restrictions by default settings and its service for protecting personal information is fiddled. Actually few users go to the trouble of adjusting the default privacy settings. And customizing permissions is troublesome and unacceptable for average users. Since more and more strangers are grouped into ―friends‖, it seems useless to distinguish between private and public. Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. 1) 1) Cakes of ice slowly dissolved into puddles.

2) Nosy means showing too much curiosity about other people's affairs.

3) Privacy representatives from 60 countries have resolved to ask for laws to complement industry self-regulation for default protections for users of social networks.

4) In computer security, full disclosure means disclosing full information about vulnerabilities.

5) Ratification is the approval by the principal of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. 6) A life insurance trust is a(n) irrevocable, non-amendable trust which is both the owner and beneficiary of one or more life insurance policies.

7) The likelihood of executing a(n) untrustworthy program is dramatically increased owing to the prevalence of Internet. 8) Two computer security programs could be interfering with each other and even cancelling each other's effect, while the owner believes s/he is getting double the protection.

9) In computing, a theme is a preset package containing graphical appearance details, used to customize the look and feel of (typically) an operating system, widget set or window manager. 10)

A software developer is a person or organization

concerned with facets of the software development process, who can be involved in aspects wider than design and coding.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) Many people who have not thought carefully beforehand about learning languages are likely to be carried along by a mishmash of ideas that make little or no practical sense.

许多人在学一门外语前缺乏足够的思想准备，极易被杂乱而无实际意义的念头、假设和习惯所左右。 2) He is hell-bent on having his own way. 他一意孤行。

3) But most people would rather see the application take some ―good enough‖ first step and then adjust it to what is desired. 然而大部分人都情愿由软件开始某种足够好的第1步，然后按照自己的需要调整。

4) ―Note: sign up on the day MOP/HK$100 per Race using the Express Entry Form - available at the Race Registration at 7:30am.‖ ―注意: 请于当日早上七时三十分于登记地点填写特快报名表,每项赛事参赛费用为澳门币/港币一百元整。‖

5) Sometimes when the television set doesn't work, you can fiddle with the wires inside and it comes right.

有时电视机坏了，你拨弄拨弄里面的电路，居然能修好。 6) Instead, we'll try to strip away some of the mystery so often associated with software by discussing the process a programmer follows when developing one.

本书的意图是通过简单地探讨开发一个程序时程序员应该遵循的过程，从而力求揭示那些常常与软件有关的奥妙。 7) Oh, didn't we fix a target of 450,000 yuan? 噢，我们定的目标不是四十五万元吗？

8) I'll prepare a draft of agency agreement for you to go over. 我将起草一份代理协议请您过目。

9) An intranet is a private version of the Web that is only accessible to employees of a company (and its partners, clients, or vendors in the case of an extranet).

企业内部网是企业内部的网站，专供内部员工来访问（企业外部网则专供合作伙伴、客户和供货商来访问）。 10)

These are similar to personas in that they seek to describe users and their relationship to a product.

它们和人物角色有些类似，都是在试图描述用户及其和产品的关系。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.

1) allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become a member of the website.

2) The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University.

3) later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft.

4) The media often compares to MySpace, but one significant difference between the two websites is the level of customization.

5) The patent may encourage to pursue action against websites that violate the patent, which may potentially include websites such as Twitter.

4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) Network security has become a major concern for organizations and individuals.

2) For these reasons, making an extracorporeal system ready and

available is helpful.

3) The security policy development process may also involve the identification of protection.

4) Rather, it is a brief description of a number of important product features, such as the input method, network connectivity, operating system, and database capabilities.

5) While formulating the interview plan, designers should work closely with project stakeholders who have access to users. Discourse Understanding 1. G. 2. C. 3. A. 4. E. 5. F.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Have you ever heard of cybercrime? Can you give an account of it?

Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime. Netcrime refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those

surrounding

hacking,

infringement,

child

pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into one of two types of categories: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices directly; (2) crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device.

Examples of crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices would include:

 Computer viruses  Denial-of-service attacks

 Malware (malicious code)

Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include:  Cyber stalking  Fraud and identity theft  Information warfare  Phishing scams 2. What is a Computer Hacker?

The word \"hacking\" has not always been associated with computer crime. When computers were young, a hacker was a person who was totally engrossed with computer technology. (1,2) He did not merely write programs. He tore apart operating systems and utilities in order to learn more about them. He could easily program so as to solve difficult problems. (3) Clearly, referring to a computer programmer as a \"hacker\" was a compliment. However, a hacker today is a person who secretly invades other computers without authorization. Even though some computer people like to refer to intruders as \"crackers,\" the \"hacker\" handle is the one that survives. Computer hackers (intruders) come in different sizes, flavors and colors.

Some hackers intend to cause harm -- others do not. The typical hacker

is a teenager. Teens began hacking during the early 1980‘s when inexpensive personal home computers became available. At first, young hackers sought ways around copy protection created by manufacturers of computer games. However, this was often not enough. A \"kid\" with a computer and a modem could connect to industrial and government computers that were ready to exchange information with him. Invading other computers was often more fun than computer games. The journey through cyberspace was more thrilling than Dungeons and Dragons, but the danger was being caught by the authorities rather than being eaten by some imaginary monster. Often, these teens did not work alone. They formed hacker \"gangs\" and \"clubs\" dedicated to exchanging information about what computers could be attacked and about various operating system flaws (4). Among these were the Legion of Doom, the Masters of Deception, and the 2600 Club. Hackers communicated via computer bulletin boards (BBS) and magazines. Many were determined not to cause harm to other computers. Some even developed a hacker ethic. (5,6,7) They believed that all information should be free, but also felt strongly that hackers should do nothing to harm the computers intruded upon. They mistrusted authority and promoted decentralization.

Unfortunately, many hackers do not have this moral view. There have been many destructive \"gang wars.\" Some individuals enjoy

vandalizing computers belonging to others. This is why most computer viruses are propagated. Other hackers are thieves. Some are bank robbers. Others steal industrial secrets, software or other intellectual property. Some hackers are spies.

Not all hackers are teenagers. Adult hackers typically began breaking into computers during their adolescent years. Many of these people still subscribe to a hacker code of ethics. However, this is not necessarily the case with adult hackers whose motive is either profit or espionage. Entrepreneurial adults often begin their hacking careers later in life. These individuals have one of two motives -- either to steal or to destroy.

3. What hackers do and how to protect your computer?

Hackers, as popularly defined, are computer experts who spend enormous amounts of time trying to breach the security of networks, Web servers and email servers. Usually they use a selection of specialist software to identify weaknesses, which are then exploited. The majority do it for fun and as a challenge. They're not interested in attacking private individuals. It's the big companies and authorities they go for.

There are just two aspects of hacking that you have to worry about as a private individual. One is that your details are on various company

databases, and when these are cracked, information about you can be stolen.

The second problem is that serious hackers need to protect their anonymity. This means they can't mount their attacks on organisations like the FBI directly through their own computers and telephone lines. They need first to create an intermediary, like a kind of base camp for a mountain expedition.

To get their intermediate base they use purpose built programs called trojans and backdoors. A trojan is a program that looks innocent but carries a dangerous payload, like the Trojan Horse of Greek mythology. It may be disguised as a game or some other kind of executable program, in the same way that viruses are often disguised.

The payload it carries is a backdoor program (or maybe just a few lines of code that create a security hole so a backdoor program to be installed later). A backdoor program allows the hacker access to your computer whenever it's on the Internet. It's a remote control, and usually a very thorough one with full access to every facility and file on your computer.

Again, in the popular press the distinction between a trojan and a backdoor (or more specifically the client element of a backdoor program) has been lost and the two are often used interchangeably.

It's obviously important to avoid getting a backdoor program inside your computer. The best way is to use a competent virus protection program. Most of these will stop trojans and backdoors getting through.

4. How to detect cybercrime?

Today, most cybercrimes are detected by chance. However, recent experience has shown some more or less informal methods by which an individual, but especially managers of large computer networks (which are more susceptible to cybercrime), can detect cybercrime. Auditing

Audit the system regularly. Be alert to any irregularities in the system. As of now, it is usually the suspicions of employees or managers that lead to the capturing of a perpetrator. Keep in mind that most computer crime does not derive from distant \"hackers,\" but normally comes from employees or people the operator knows. Most computer crime is done by employees working on large network systems in firms and organizations handling a lot of computerized cash. Obviously, banks, large firms, government offices and universities are vulnerable, and, given the size of the organizations, it can take months to detect with any certainty. Mistakes

Look for mistakes. Many authorities hold that cybercriminals can get too greedy and begin to get sloppy. Employees who know of this crime often get jittery and turn the perpetrator in. The same has been known to happen with family members of the cybercriminal. The chances of this working are increased if employees know clearly that cybercrime will result in full prosecution. Government

Make use of government agencies to help detect cybercrime. It happens often that audits by the IRS or investigations by police turn up the existence of cybercrime that had gone undetected for a long time. Things like inventory shortages and irregularities in the distribution of income within the firm can be signals that crime is being committed over the network. Nevertheless, it is usually hunches that uncover computer crime, when it is detected at all. This is a sobering reality, but the truth as of now.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) Today's cybercrime can be grouped into two key categories: financial theft and theft of intellectual property (IP). 2) To succeed in fighting cybercrime, we must be vigilant and work together against perpetrators; this is an effort that requires global co-operation between governments to keep cybercriminals at bay. 3) The vast majority of crimes are financially motivated and typically take the form of criminals intercepting financial credentials in order to attack bank accounts.

4) IP theft includes any type of trade secret such as ideas, plans, methods, technologies or sensitive information that could be used against a company or for criminal acts such as blackmail.

5) These paths are determined using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which defines how carriers pass routing information between each other.

6) Monitoring routes is a recent concern due to the increase of cybercrime threats.

7) It's a well-known fact that most modern cybercriminals avoid choosing victims from their own countries.

8) We must help establish collaborative infrastructures and two-way conduits for information to flow more rapidly and securely between all stakeholders in this fight.

Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 拦截金融凭证知识产权执法机构监测路径金融盗窃电子邮件收件人跨越边界提高标准随着路由表 intercept credentials intellectual property law enforcement agency monitor routes financial theft email recipient across border raise the bar in the wake of routing table 74

financial

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) Internet service providers must be responsible for alerting customers when they have been compromised and, in real epidemics, isolate those customers to prevent the ―infection‖ from spreading. 2) This article reviews the features and advantages of using Cisco's Wireless Security Control to analyze and assess wireless network security vulnerabilities

3) The Cisco WCS is part of its Unified Wired and Wireless Network protection software package that was designed to effectively manage even large networks from a centralized location while still being able to find and resolve problems in small areas of the network.

4) The Security Index Detailed Report provides a thorough analysis of vulnerabilities that were discovered and provides recommendations for optimizing the settings security to remove, or mitigate the vulnerability.

5) The WCS (Wireless Control System) is part of Cisco‘s Unified Wireless Network software solution, which allows network security managers to prioritize alarms, automate security auditing, and generate reports that meet regulatory requirements.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 为了成功打击网络犯罪，我们必须保持警惕并且一起来对付犯罪者。这需要全球间的通力合作以使网络罪犯陷入绝境。 2) 今天的网络犯罪已经变得更加复杂，他们的攻击目标更明确，更具破坏性和更难以侦测，也就是说，在破坏被发现之前可能已经过去几天甚至几个星期了。

3) 该犯罪绝大多数是出于经济目的，通常采取的形式是罪犯拦截金融证书凭据，以攻击银行账户。

4) 除了大多数企业基本上都知道的并且有预防措施来阻止的病毒，今天对企业网络的最大忧虑来自于对域名和路由系统的操纵。

5) 企业需要了解其日常运作所面临的威胁，而需要与私营部门共同采取行动，实施正确措施来产生实质的影响。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Twitter is a social-networking blog site that allows users to send status updates, or ―tweets‖ from cell phones, instant messaging services and in less than 140 characters.

2) Industry statistics show membership more than doubled in

the past year to about 55 million, while MySpace grew 30 percent to top 110 million.

3) As social networking Web sites like Friendster, MySpace and have risen to popularity, consumer brand companies have been trying to figure out where they can fit in.

4) The legal world has always been slow to keep up with technology, and the international law of cybercrime is no exception.

5) With the popularity of Internet, it is increasingly difficult to guarantee the network security and sometimes the network was breached because of not only hackers‘ visit but also authorized users‘ care out of ordinary.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Reading Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

Due to the nature of critical thinking, as well as that of critical reading indeed, it is neither appropriate nor possible to provide one single ―correct answer‖ for the learners to learn. Therefore, contrary to

traditional ―standard practices‖ in Chinese EFL textbooks, the final decision from the creator of the exercise is that no answers are to be provided for any of the exercise questions.

Admittedly, this is a somewhat odd decision, especially for learners and instructors who are working in a more orthodox method of teaching and learning. However, even for them, a general guideline would be enough when it comes to critiquing the ideas, and they might have already realized that the guideline has been carefully woven into the introductory text for critical reading.

Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots)

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. How does a QB work?

QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days.

2. Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with my computer to control the Anybot?

It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you‘re seeing real-time video from the robot‘s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes.

Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard. 3. Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed?

Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption – WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too.

4. What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybot camera?

Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels. 5. How do you control or drive the Anybot?

You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you‘ll sound better with a headset.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Paras. 1-5): Brief introduction to the QB

Para. 1: The appearance and advantages of the QB. Para. 2: The fields in which the QB will be applied. Para. 3: The composition of the QB.

Para. 4: Useful designing makes the QB mobile and height-adjustable.

Para. 5: The QB is designed for those who expect to be in contact at

all times and in all places without sacrificing presence.

Part 2 (Paras. 6-11): The test drive of the QB

Para. 6: The objective and planned procedure of the test drive. Para. 7: The actual performance of the QB in completing the planned

mission.

Para. 8: The built-in lidar system and the camera enable the QB

move smoothly.

Para. 9: The QB‘s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when

greeting people.

Para. 10: A valuable lesson has been learned through the test drive:

never drive outside the range of the Wi-Fi network.

Para. 11: The QB slips down along the ramp when the Wi-Fi

connection drops.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What can a robot do in your daily life? 2) What does a robot look like?

3) Can a robot be remotely controlled? How? 4) Have you ever heard of the QB? 5)

Have you seen any movies related to robots, do you believe that

these robots will be created and applied in the real life?

6) Suppose that you were a businessman, how will you use it to bring customers in?

7) Do you desire to have a QB of your own?

(Open)

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.

QB — Anybots, Inc.‘s newly unveiled surrogate robot will be available to the public soon. Despite its $15,000 price tag and its not-so-handsome appearance: it looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner, the company believes that its high-tech will appeal to a new

generation of workers who‘d like to be in contact without sacrificing ―presence‖. The QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, laser pointer, lidar system and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi, thus can be navigated remotely by an operator via his computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. Although the operator cannot be there in person, if the operator has a camera he can show live video of himself, or he can show a still picture on bad hair days. Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) Collision avoidance, traditionally considered a high level planning problem, can be effectively distributed between different levels of control, allowing real-time robot operations in a complex environment.

2) It covers the higher level techniques of illumination, perspective projection, analytical photogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.

3) In 2006 Anybots unveiled a humanoid robot that walks like people do, without depending on large feet for stability.

4) An alternative is here put forward to counterbalance the present-day preoccupation with anthropomorphic series-actuated robot-arms. 5) Criteria for avoiding undesirable robot-arm-configurations are touched upon, and certain aspects of the performance of in-parallel-actuated robot-arms are compared and contrasted with those of series-actuated arms.

6) We have experimented with the planner using several computer-simulated robots, including rigid objects with 3 DOFs (in 2D work space) and 6 DOFs (in 3D work space) and manipulator arms with 8, 10, and 31 DOFs (in 2D and 3D work spaces).

7) Robotics is concerned with the study of those machines that can replace human beings in the execution of a task, as regards to both physical activity and decision making.

8) In the course of centuries, human being have constantly attempted to seek substitutes that would be able to mimic their behavior in the various instances of interaction with the surrounding environment. 9) By its usual meaning, the term automation interaction a technology aimed at replacing human being with machines in a manufacturing process, as regard not only the execution of physical operations but

also the intelligent processing of information on the status of the process. (denotes) 10) By virtue of its programmability, the industrial robot is a typical component of programmable automated systems. Nonetheless, robots can be entrusted with tasks both in rigid automated systems and in flexible automated systems.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) This is significant because it is not obvious that the theory can be extended to include an account of quantifier scope without an appeal to additional representational levels. A full account is clearly beyond the scope of the work, but this reviewer would have liked some reassurance that one is possible.

2) A question that always arises when dealing with temporal information is the granularity of the values in the domain type. 3) This paper shows how to compute linear and quadratic estimates to the variation of the loading margin with respect to any power system parameter or control.

4) We have constructed an in vitro movement system in which purified single action filaments labeled with fluorescent phalloidin are

observed to move on myosin filaments fixed to a glass surface. 5) It did not make sense for established companies to invest early in the disruptive technologies, because the margins tended to be much lower and the market was unproven.

6) Although these studies and scores like them depend upon ecological correlations, it is not because their authors are interested in correlations between the properties of areas as such.

7) They suggest that having an expressive face and indicating attention with movement both make a robot more compelling to interact with. 8) A total of 56 adults with diabetes were randomized to receive diabetes education in person (control group) or via telemedicine (telemedicine group) and were followed prospectively.

9) Since in many applications, enormous amounts of unlabeled data are available with little cost, it is therefore natural to ask the question that in addition to human labeled data, whether one can also take advantage of the unlabeled data in order to improve the effectiveness of a of a machine-learned categorizer. 10)

If two bursts of equal priority contend with each other,

then the tail segments of the original burst are dropped.

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.

1) Given that robots generally lack muscles, they can't rely on muscle memory (the trick that allows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking or breathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.

2) For autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have to accommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.

3) One way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety of sensors positioned near its ―legs‖ and identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report Sunday in Nature Physics.

4) Some scientists rely on small neural circuits called \"central pattern generators\" (CPG) to create walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.

5) Some researchers are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one CPG that can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.

4. Directions: Change the following sentences into the passive-voice

ones.

1) A novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimental philosophy).

2) The search to understand people‘s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimental philosophers).

3) This is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science —experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.

4) Just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number of researchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.

5) How people think about the mind can be better understood by studying how people think about three different types of abstract entities.

Discourse Understanding 1. G. 2. F. 3. E. 4. D.

5. C.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Do you have any idea about the Middle Ages? And the Dark Ages in human history?

The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term \"Middle Ages\" (medium aevum) was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.

The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature. Petrarch regarded the post-Roman centuries as \"dark\" compared to the light of

classical antiquity. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.

2. How does the term Dark Ages relate to the Middle Ages?

Dark Ages is a term referring to the perceived period of both cultural and economic deterioration as well as disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. The word is derived from Latin saeculum obscurum (dark age), a phrase first recorded in 1602. The label employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the \"darkness\" of the period with earlier and later periods of \"light\". Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome, and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards. This definition is still found in popular usage, but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. Today it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the

era, the Early Middle Ages. However, most modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages. 3. What do you imagine a Digital Dark Age refer to? (Open)

4. Are there any observations indicating that we are living in a digital dark age?

Any one or two of the following observations will be acceptable. Enormous amounts of digital information are already lost forever. Digital history cannot be recreated by individuals and organizations cannot recreate a digital history because it was not archived or managed properly or it resides in formats that cannot be accessed because the information is on out-dated word-processor files, old database formats, or saved on readable media. Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsolete by changing technologies (think punch cards and 12‖ floppy disks) and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ operations to save the information. Unsurprisingly, the Report of the Task Force on Archiving

Digital

Information

has

identified

its

recommendations, the development of ―effective fail-safe mechanisms to support the aggressive rescue of endangered digital information.‖

There will be a demographic bulge of electronic materials coming into libraries and archives as the Baby Boom generation of authors and academics begin to wind down their careers and begin off-loading their materials to various libraries and archives. These materials will come to libraries on a wide-variety of storage devices, perhaps even in entire computer systems, and will probably have equally significant paper collections associated with them. To assist the archivist of 2015, we need to find methods for helping organize this information today. Information technologies are essentially obsolete every 18 months. This dynamic creates an unstable and retrieve unpredictable environment for the continuance of hardware and software over a long period of time and represents a greater challenge than the deterioration of the physical medium. Many technologies and devices disappear as the companies that provide them move on to new product lines, often without backwards compatibility and ability to handle older technologies, or the companies themselves disappear.

There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying their own hardware and software dependencies. Copying these formats from one storage device to another is simple. However, merely copying bits is not sufficient for preservation purposes: if the software for making sense of the bits (that is for retrieving, displaying, or printing) is not available, then the information

will be, for all practical purposes, lost. Libraries will have to contend with this wide variety of digital formats. Many digital library collections will not have originated in digital form but come from materials that were digitized for particular purposes. Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers will be wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats. Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity of maintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.

Financial resources available for libraries and archives continue to decrease and will likely do so for the near future. The argument for preserving digital information has not effectively made it into public policy. There is little enthusiasm for spending resources on preservation at the best of times and without a concerted effort to bring the issues into the public eye, the preservation of digital information will remain a cloistered issue. The importance of libraries has been diminished in the popular press as the pressures from industry encourage consumers to see libraries as anachronistic while the Internet and electronic products such as Microsoft Encarta are promoted as inevitable replacements. Until this situation changes,

libraries and archives will continue to be asked to do more with less both in terms of providing traditional library services, as well as new digital library services: preservation will have to encompass both kinds of collections.

Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation. These will be corporate assets and will not be deposited into public collections without substantive financial and licensing arrangements that few libraries will be able to afford. From a positive perspective, this fact will allow libraries to essential ignore the preservation question for many kinds of key information resources (examples will include newspapers, electronic serials, directories) as these may be preserved by their corporate owners. The flip-side of this argument is whether corporate owners will develop a public-spirited interest in providing this archival role for future generations and whether the resources will be accessible to the public.

The archiving and preservation functions within a digital environment will become increasingly privatized as information continues to be commodified. Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved, and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset. But companies have no binding commitment to making

information available over a long-term. Those librarians that suggest legal deposit is the means for addressing this issue are not likely to be successful. As a full discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper, let it suffice to state that libraries would have a very limited ability to cope with the volume and variety of digital resources that publishers could potentially dump on them. Still more problematic are the rights management and access control issues that content providers will require demands which strongly argue that legal deposit in a digital era will have limited effectiveness. Libraries will be the archive of last resort and will be repositories of ephemera and ―public domain‖ information those materials considered as largely without commercial value.

The Commission on Preservation and Access suggests that the first line of defense against the loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers and owners of digital information. This fact is a critical one for preservation purposes as it strongly suggests that the role that librarians and archivists must play will be an increasingly public one. Preservation is a desktop issue, not merely an institutional one. The role of preservationists must be to interact with users and to address preservation and information management issues on their desktops, not the archivists desktop.

Standards will not emerge to solve fundamental issues with respect to

digital information. The challenge in preserving electronic information is not primarily a technological one, it is a sociological one. The dynamism of the market for information technologies and products ensures the fundamental instability of hardware and software primarily because product obsolescence is often key to corporate survival in a competitive capitalist democracy. Product differentiation manifests itself at the very level of the document standard. Proprietary systems provide commercial enterprises with profitable products whereas static (i.e. preservable) formats do not create a continuing need for upgrading which software and hardware companies depend upon. This situation conspires against standards that create a stable nexus of hardware, software, and administration.

Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservation practices as the current paper publishing boom continues. Clearly, digital collections are not going to be a substitute for existing and future library collections and plans must be made to accommodate both. A significant concern of libraries and archives is that the financial resources necessary to address expensive IT upgrades, embark on data rescue operations, and undertake digital preservation will have detrimental impacts on other aspects of library and archival operations such as building collections and providing services for the public.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) Within this hyperbolic environment of technology euphoria, there is a constant, albeit weaker, call among information professionals for a more sustained thinking about the impacts of the new technologies on society.

2) Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsolete by changing technologies and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ operations to save the information.

3) There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying their own hardware and software dependencies. 4) Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers will be wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats.

5) Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity of maintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming. 6) Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation.

7) Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved, and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset.

8) Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservation practices as the current paper publishing boom continues.

Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 数字信息故障保险装置 digital information fail-safe mechanism 98

数据集电子纪元微软电子百科全书技术权威信息技术数字图书馆检索技术后端

data-set electronic era Microsoft Encarta techno-pundit information technology digital library retrieval technology back-end 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) The only way to resolve these questions conclusively would be to engage in serious scientific inquiry—but even before studying the scientific literature, many people have pretty clear intuitions about what the answers are going to be.

2) A person might just look at a computer and feel certain that it couldn‘t possibly be feeling pleasure, pain or anything at all; that‘s why we don‘t mind throwing a broken computer in the trash. 3) In the jargon of philosophy, these intuitions we have about whether a creature or thing is capable of feelings or subjective experiences—

such as the experience of seeing red or tasting a peach—are called ―intuitions about phenomenal consciousness.‖

4) This approach was taken up in experimental work by Justin Sytsma, a graduate student, and experimental philosopher Edouard Machery at the University of Pittsburgh and in work by Larry (Bryce) Huebner, a graduate student at UNC-Chapel Hill, and all of the experiments arrived at the same basic answer.

5) To test this hypothesis, we can look to other kinds of entities that might have mental states but do not have bodies that look anything like the bodies that human beings have.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 众多技术权威声称因特网具有性，改变着一切；随着这种言论，我们这个时代的一般趋势似乎认为历史已经停滞不前。 2) 产生的影响之一是在当今更加注重变化与速度、而忽视保护与长期的电子纪元，我们如何保存历史记录。

3) 我们即将跨入数字产品的电子纪元。此时，明白一点很重要：门外有新的野蛮人，现在我们所熟知的很多东西、电子编码和记录的很多东西在将要进入的这个纪元里会永远消失。 4) 不断更新的技术已经让和国际大学里的很多大型数据集过

100

时（想想打孔卡片和12寸软盘吧）。这些数据集要么丢失，要么得靠昂贵的―营救‖行动对信息进行保存。

5) 许多技术和设备消失的原因有两个：提供这些技术和设备的公司进而采用新的生产线，往往不再兼备运用旧技术的能力，或者这些公司已不复存在。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Information technologies are essentially obsolete every 18 months. 2) The argument for preserving digital information has not effectively made it into public policy.

3) Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation.

4) The Commission on Preservation and Access suggests that the first line of defense against the loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers and owners of digital information. 5) The challenge in preserving electronic information is not primarily a technological one. It is a sociological one.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words.

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(Open)

Part II EST Translation Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

Exercise 1. Try to offer the Chinese version for the following EST terms by check reference books. 1) 阿苯达唑 6) 安定镇痛 2) 埃里希体病 7) 氨基酚类 3) 肾上腺皮质 8) 心电图 4) 癌扩散 9) 脐带 5) 艾迪生贫血 10) 脑积水

Exercise 2. Try to offer the Chinese version for the following EST terms with the assistance of the information in the bracket.

system

1) （打桩）设备 2) （电路）图 3) （光具）组 transmission

1) （阻光率是）透射（率的倒数）。

2) （普林斯得出结论认为，针头并非）传播（疾病的唯一途径）。

3) （第二部分是）传输（线路─无线电信号）。

operate

1) （医生决定马上给他）动（手术）。 2) （蓄电池可以用来）发动（汽车）。 3) （电脑只能按指令）运行。

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Unit 5 Materials

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. What is materials science?

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This scientific field investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry. With significant media attention focused on nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials. 2. What is the importance of the developing materials?

Materials science plays a pivotal role in determining and improving economic performance and the quality of life, particularly in the areas

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of living environment, health communication, consumer goods, transport. New materials and materials systems with improved performance and previously unimagined properties are essential if the industry of a nation is to remain competitive and a high standard of living is to be guaranteed for more people. 3. What are the usual building materials?

The usual building materials include naturally occurring substances such as clay, sand, wood, rocks, thatchs, metals, and even glass and man-made products such as cement and bricks.

4. Have you ever imagined what the future home would be made of? And then what? (open)

5. Do you believe that straw can be the building material of the future? (open)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main

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idea.

Part 1（Paras. 1）：Straw may be the building material of the future. Part 2（Paras. 2-3）：A brief introduction of Balehaus, a prototype home built on the campus of the University of Bath.

Part 3 （Paras.4-21）：The researchers have tested Balehaus against an exhaustive list of risk factors that could rot it, burn it or blow it down and the results are reassuring.

Part 4（Paras.22-23）：Balehaus is expected by the researchers to be tested in a real-life situation.

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text. Balehaus is a stylishly modern prototype home built by the researchers of the University of Bath, which is made of straw bales that are all pacted tightly inside the prefabricated wooden wall frames called Modcell panels so that there is nary a wisp of straw to be seen. Despite of people‘s bias against straw construction, straw‘s benefits as building material are many. It‘s cheap, widely available and a good insulator. Also, straw can soak up carbon and locks it in. The researchers have successfully replicated fire, wind , heat and flood to test the properties of Balehaus against the posiible risks, and the results seem to be reassuring. Next, Balehaus is expected to be tested in a real-life

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situation. But it‘s still a question as to when the first straw-bale halls of residence will be built for students which are decent, earth-friendly and thermally efficient. Vocabulary and Structure 1. Word-building

Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the

indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

breath

— (adjective)

vary — exhaust

(noun)

— (adjective)

innovate

— (adjective)

cost

—

fabricate — compose — friendly integration — reassure

(compound) (prefix)

— (participle)

— (compound) (prefix) (prefix)

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1) The list is by no means exhaustive. So it‘s very possible to find that your name has been omitted.

2) The disintegration of the Soviet Union is an important event which has changed the political situation of the world.

3) The soft and breathable fabric makes our gertrude （婴儿内衣） the best choice for your babies in this breathless summer.

4) Caution: keep it away from the heat. Such organic compounds tend to decompose in the presence of it.

5) These sunset industries may need to reconfigure their businesses or alternatively relocate to more cost- competitive areas.

6) At the same time, the world expo is also an opportunity to improve the innovative ability of science and technology in Shanghai and raise the level of science and technology serving the local economic and social development.

7) My mother sensed my anxiety and gave me a reassuring pat on my shoulder.

8) Prefabricated building is a type of building that consists of several factory-built components or units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit.

9) With the application of the latest technology, the new energy vehicles

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are expected to be both energy-saving and earth-friendly.

10) In science research, there are too many variables to predict the result accurately.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the

brackets. Change the form if necessary.

Wolves huffed and puffed, but they could not blow the pig‘s house of bricks down.

狼使劲地吹啊吹，可怎么也不能吹倒第三只小猪的砖房子。 2)

A stable soil soaks up water, and allows acid to break up bedrock and create more soil.

稳定的土壤吸收水分，使得酸分解基岩，然后再生出更多的土壤。

3) With a bang, the house exploded and went up in a flame. 梆地一声巨响过后，房子爆炸，被火烧光。

4) Without scientific explanation, it is difficult to understand how lava could have been reduced to dust.

没有科学提供的解释是很难理解熔岩是如何变成灰的。 5）It's beyond my depth when it comes to natural sciences.

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third

谈到自然科学我就茫然。

6）If we pick the vegetables in the safe intervals, pesticide residue all can be kept within the tolerance allowed by the State standard. 如果在安全间隔期采收蔬菜，农药残留量均不会超过国家标准规定的量。

7）Our product stack up well against the best product of our counterparts in Europe.

我们的产品比得上欧洲同行最好的产品。

8）Most people tend to perceive materials as a part of physics or chemistry.

大多数人通常把材料学看成是物理或化学的一部分。

9) While the firefighter was trying to help another victim escape from the fire, a pane of glass dropped off and seriously hurt his head. 当这个消防员正在帮助又一个人逃离火灾现场时，一块窗玻璃掉下来，严重砸伤了他的头。

10) In Chongqing where it is hot and humid, your clothes will take ages to dry out. 重庆炎热潮湿，衣服要很长时间才能干透。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a

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complete sentence.

1) In the field of new functional materials there has been a need for new fabrication methods.

2) Glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements. 3) The results of the laboratory studies together with the modeling efforts should provide a better understanding of the process for its potential use in air pollution control.

4) Recent research concluded that both microfibre materials and steam cleaning have a proven ability to raise levels of both aesthetic and microbiological cleanliness.

5) The cells with only the synthetic genome are self-replicating and capable of logarithmic growth.

4. Directions: Change the following sentences into passive voice ones. 1) Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 2) Information can be transmitted by electrons, photons or chemical molecules.

3) Materials and systems are called smart when they have two basic ways in which living systems react to the environment.

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4) The lifetime of an operating nano-architecture is limited by fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion that will differ significantly from those that operate in ―conventional‖ structural materials.

5) In some cases, new electrode materials are viewed as a means to improving the inherent safety of the cell. Discourse Understanding 1. C. 2. B. 3. E. 4. G. 5. F.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task Warm-up Questions

1. What’s your understanding of biomaterials?

Biomaterial is a material that is in whole or in part composed of living matter, such as polymer scaffolding perfused with cells. Biomaterials may be used as a medical device which augments or replaces natural

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tissue for therapeutic effect. The combination of synthetic and living material derived from stem cells could enable the repair of heart valves, bone, cartilage and other tissues by replacing or patching the damaged parts with materials that are genetically identical to the patient, and therefore safe from immunological rejection. 2. What are the usual applications of the biomaterials?

Metallic, ceramic and polymeric biomaterials are used in orthopaedic applications. Metallic biomaterials have been used as pins for anchoring tooth implants and as parts of orthodontic devices. Many different biomaterials are used in cardiovascular applications depending on the specific application and the design. Materials such as silicones have been used in cosmetic surgery for applications such as breast augmentation.

3. What are the properties of DNA as a material?

The specific bonding of DNA base pairs provides the chemical foundation for genetics. This powerful molecular recognition system can be used in nanotechnology to direct the assembly of highly structured materials with specific nanoscale features, as well as in DNA computation to process complex information. The exploitation of DNA for material purposes presents a new chapter in the history of the molecule.

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4. What is nanotechnology and nanoscience?

Nanoscience and nanotechnologies involve studying and working with matter on an ultra-small scale. One nanometre is one-millionth of a millimetre and a single human hair is around 80,000 nanometres in width. The technology stretches across the whole spectrum of science, touching medicine, physics, engineering and chemistry.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best abstract of the passage. D

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) Natural biomaterials are a renewable resources. So they will not consume natural resources.

2) The interwined spirals of sugar and phosphate molecules are linked by hydrogen-bonded base pairs. 3) DNA photonic devices include wet devices and solid-state devices. 4) The DNA-lipid complex produced by the reaction between the DNA

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and a cationic surfactant is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol. 5) The DNA-CTMA films are capable of very high transmission throughout the visible and near-infrared regions. 6) BioLED resulting from incorporating DNA into OLEDs are as much as ten times more efficient and thirty times brighter than their OLED counterparts. 7) It is possible to create an exciting new range of optically active materials by adding lumophores or chromophores to DNA molecules.

8) In the future, all-DNA devices may be created, in which all (or most) of the layers are fabricated from DNA customized for specific purposes. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.

光子器件photonic devices 可再生资源renewable resources 遗传密码genetic code 科学界scientific community

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碱基对base pair

在…影响下under the influence of 近红外区near-infrared regions 极化效果poling efficiency 数量级orders of magnitude 纯DNA器件―all-DNA‖ devices

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) Nano/biotronics is a new research area that uses biologically based materials and devices for photonics and electronics applications. 2) Electronic and electro-optic devices fabricated from this new biopolymer have also demonstrated performance that exceeds the performance of the state-of-the-art devices fabricated from current organic-based materials.

3) As one initial step towards DNA electronics application, a DNA mimicking system of tertiary arylureas were employed to demonstrate molecular wire behavior, implying its potential use in molecular electronics.

4) This is significant because it demonstrates that biotechnology is not only applicable for genomic sequencing and clinical diagnosis and

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treatment, but can also have a major impact on nontraditional biotech applications as well, opening up a whole new field for bioengineering.

5) Materials and systems are called smart when they have two basic ways in which living systems react to the environment.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 这方面很好的一个例子就是有机发光二极管的发展。作为显示技术的核心部分，有机发光二极管现在正进入消费类电子产品市场并取代音乐播放器、照相机、手机通常使用的小型发光二极管。

2) 通过物理和化学方法合成或改变DNA分子能够产生许多种不同的纳米结构。

3) 湿法DNA光子器件中，DNA分子出现在水或者有机溶剂中，并受到电场或者流体的影响在溶剂中流动。

4) DNA－CTMA薄膜的特性可以通过调节DNA分子的重量和DNA分子所在的溶液浓度进行改变。

5) 据报道，把DNA作为电子阻障层植入有机发光二极管可以产生比有机发光二级管高效十倍，亮三十倍的生物发光二极管。

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4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Generally speaking, plant and animal products are biodegradable, whereas mineral substances such as metals, glass, plastics are not.\" 2) OLED technology uses organic materials to provide a broader range of colors that is available to common LED technology. 3) Because of the extraordinary properties of polymeric materials, they play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life.

4) The device speed has improved by two orders of magnitude since 1960.

5) It is found that each molecule of D-N-A is in the shape of a double helix.

Part II EST Translating Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy Text A Compounding:

nanocrystalline, perfect-crystal, droplet, nanoglass Acronym:

Au, Fe, Cu, Fe-Ag, Pd-Si 117

Affixation:

polycrystal, interface, crystallographic, interfacial, diameter, insoluble, consolidate Text B

Exercise 1. Put the underlined EST terms into appropriate

categories.

Compounding:

crack-tip, power-law, two-dimensional Acronym: none Affixation:

deformation, harden, incompressible, triaxial anti-plane

Exercise 2. Put the underlined EST terms back into the original texts and try to translate them by making use of the context and their formation methods. Then try to translate the entire sentences in which these terms are applied. 1. nanocrystalline: 纳米晶体材料 118

polycrystal: 多晶体 interface: (晶体)界面 crystallographic: 晶体学的 2. interfacial: （晶体）面间 perfect-crystal: 完整晶体 3. insoluble: 不溶解的

diameter: 直径 droplet: 液滴 consolidate: 巩固 The Chinese versions: omitted.

Exercise 3. Read the following illustration and try to fill in the blanks below it. anti-

1. This prefix usually refers to opposed to, acting to prevent something. 2. EST terms in the illustration formed with this prefix including: antidistortive, antipolar, antiferroelectric. 3. Offer the translation of these terms if you can: 反畸变性反极性反铁电体. ferro-

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1. This prefix usually refers to iron. 2. EST terms in the illustration formed with this prefix including: ferrodistortive, ferroelectric, antiferroelectric. 3. Offer the translation of these terms if you can: 铁畸变性铁电体反铁电体.

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Unit 6 Mechanics and Automotives

Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. What do you think will be the most popular mechanic field in the future? And why? (Open)

2. Do you know anything about NANO-BIO technology? Nanobiotechnology is the branch of nanotechnology with biological

and

biochemical

applications

uses.

Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to fabricate new devices. The term bionanotechnology is often used interchangeably with nanobiotechnology, though a distinction is sometimes drawn between the two. If the two are distinguished, nanobiotechnology usually refers to the use of nanotechnology to further the goals of biotechnology, while bionanotechnology might refer to any overlap between biology and nanotechnology, including the use of biomolecules as part of

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or as an inspiration for nanotechnological devices. 3. Have you ever heard of CAD in engineering design?

CAD: Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.

4. What is computational simulation and can you give an example?

Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system. The network computer games are

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typical example of computational simulation.

5. How does computational simulation help engineering design? Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers to collaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively, test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Paras. 1-4) Brief introduction to the two expanding frontiers of engineering

Para. 1: A vision of the engineers‘ knowledge and coordination in the future.

Para. 2: the two frontiers predicted.

Para. 3: The requirements for the mechanical engineers in the future.

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Para. 4: An engineer‘s point of the development of design. Part 2 (Paras. 5-8) The future of nanotechnology and biotechnology

Para. 5: Nanotechnology and biotechnology as the most influential fields.

Para. 6: the core of technological innovation has shifted to biology and the environment.

Para. 7: The great expectations of biotechnology.

Part 3 (Paras. 9-15) The designing methods of the engineers in the future

Para. 8: The democratization of the process of designing and creating new devices.

Para. 9: Futurist Rohit Talwar‘s highlight of immersive interactive skills.

Para. 10: The affordable vision of CAD.

Para. 11: The future vision of engineers‘ design independently. Para. 12: The future vision of engineers‘ design at home.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

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1) According to the text, what is the “very large system” the engineers have to work on?

Multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframes

2) According to the text, what is the “very small system” the engineers have to work on? Nanotechnology.

3) In order to “work at the extremes”, what would the engineers probably do in the future?

Be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing increasingly complex customer and stakeholder requirements, and treating multiple interacting systems.

4) Why would the future employers demand engineers adept at integrating different disciplines?

They must be able to conceive and direct projects of enormous complexity that require a highly integrative view of engineering systems.

5) What is the future application vision of Nano-Bio?

Nanotechnology and biotechnology will dominate technological development in the next 20 years and will be incorporated into all

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aspects of technology that affect our lives on a daily basis. Nano-Bio will provide the building blocks that future engineers will use to solve pressing problems in diverse fields including medicine, energy, water management, aeronautics, agriculture and environmental management.

6) Can you make some examples on how nanotechnology and biotechnology will be applied? (Open)

7) According to the passage, what might be the most important working method for the future engineers?

Designing at home would be the the most important working method for the future engineers.

8) How will the home-based personal fabrication become readily available?

Rapid prototyping and fabrication laboratories are improving and will soon be affordable for those running home offices, teaching classes and those inventing or building as a hobby. Within 20 years, it is likely that home-based personal fabricators will be economically attractive and available to anyone who wants them.

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3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text. In order to get ready for the multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering, engineers must be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing

increasingly

complex

customer

and

stakeholder requirements. Nowadays, the application of Nanotechnology and biotechnology goes far beyond the prosaic use of nanofabrics in pants to prevent stains, but is poised for even greater application over the next 20 years. Biotechnology is now on the verge of a revolution in which genetic components are standardized and interchangeable, therefore, the engineers must design collaboratively, test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in immersive interactive environments.

Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) The disciplinary research requires cooperation among different fields of science.

2) Carl works in the insurance division of the company.

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3) He poised himself for a jump.

4) Titanium fabrication plays a very important part in aeronautics. 5) Many people believe that women are more intuitive than men. 6) PCs are now democratized all around the world. 7) We should avoid plain prosaic statement in our compositions. 8) The spectacular visual effects offered us an incredibly immersive gaming experience.

9) The thesis shows us a mathematical simulation in theory.

10) The structural complexity of this nanofabric product is the most important part in its massive production.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) The decreasing rate of the productivity of our factory is one of the most serious problems waiting to be solved. (decrease) 我们工厂不断下降的生产力是亟待解决的问题。

2) The convergence of nanotechnology and information technology requires mechanical engineers to work across traditional disciplinary boundaries. (converge)

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纳米技术与信息技术的结合要求工程师们要能够跨越传统行业范畴进行工作。

3) An integrative view in English learning is essential for the English learners. (integrate)

对英语学习者来说，整体学习观至关重要。

4) We hold an optimistic view on the future vision of biotechnology and nanotechnology. (optimize)

我们对于生物技术以及纳米技术的未来充满乐观。

5) The computational simulation will be a valuable tool for engineers to optimize expected experiment outcomes. (simulate)

计算机模拟技术对于工程师进行实验结果模拟是一个宝贵的工具。

6) This new product is still reminiscent of the utility function of its last generation. (reminiscence)

这个新产品依然保留着上一代产品的使用功能。

7) Nanotechnology and biotechnology are poised for even greater success over the next 20 years. (poise)

纳米技术与生物技术即将成为下个20年中最成功的领域。 8) The standardized process will make it easy to build an assessment

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system for any company. (standard )

这套标准化程序将使任何公司的评估程序建设易如反掌。 9) The future engineers must work collaboratively to build large models in mechanic design. (collaborate)

未来的工程师必须通力合作进行大型工程模型设计。

10) The affordable price of the CAD will enable the engineers to have more latitude to design and build their devices using indigenous materials and labor. (afford)

CAD的平民价格将使得工程师可以具备更加广泛利用本地资源以设计和建造其设备工具。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a

complete sentence.

1) Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, the definition of invention must be established.

2) The idea of a self propelled vehicle and its actual realization had been present for at least one hundred years before Ford ever made one.

3) The rapidly advancing fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology are at the core of these developments.

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4) In Europe, low per capita incomes, high gasoline prices, and high horsepower taxes kept the European manufacturers from realizing the benefits of this idea.

5) Many of the greatest opportunities for mechanical engineers lie in the intersection of these two fields of technology.

4. Directions: With the meaning intact, change the following

sentences into passive ones.

1) Both frontiers will increase the complexity engineers are required to manage necessitating new knowledge and skill sets.

2) Nanotechnology and biotechnology will dominate technological development in the next 20 years.

3) In the future, advances in computer aided design, materials, robotics, nanotechnology and biotechnology will democratize the process of designing and creating new devices. 4) This will expand the capacities of engineers.

5) Futurist Rohit Talwar highlighted virtual worlds, like Second Life.

Discourse Understanding

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Directions: Choose the most suitable one from the list A~F for each numbered subheading (1~5). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use. 1. C. 2. B. 3. E. 4. A. 5. F.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task Warm-up Questions:

1. Do you know who invented the first automobile?

This question does not have a straightforward answer. The history of the automobile is very rich and dates back to the 15th century when Leonardo da Vinci was creating designs and models for transport vehicles.

There are many different types of automobiles - steam, electric, and gasoline - as well as countless styles. Exactly who invented

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the automobile is a matter of opinion. If we had to give credit to one inventor, it would probably be Karl Benz from Germany. Many suggest that he created the first true automobile in 1885/1886.

Below is a table of some automobile firsts, compiled from information in Leonard Bruno's book Science and Technology Firsts (Detroit, c1997) and About.com's History of the Automobile.

AUTOMOBILE FIRSTS Inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804) Robert Anderson Karl Friedrich Benz (1844-1929) Date 1769 Country STEAM / Built the first self France propelled road vehicle (military tractor) for the French army: three wheeled, 2.5 mph. ELECTRIC / Electric Scotlancarriage. d GASOLINE / First true Germanautomobile. Gasoline y Patent automobile powered by an DRP internal combustion engine: No. three wheeled, Four cycle, 37435 engine and chassis form a single unit. GASOLINE / First four Germanwheeled, four-stroke engine- y known as the \"Cannstatt-Daimler.\" Type/Description 1832-1839 1885/86 Gottlieb 1886 Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900) and Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) George 1876/9GASOLINE / Combined United Baldwin 5 internal combustion engine States 133

Selden (1846-1922) Charles Edgar Duryea (1862-1938) and his brother Frank (1870-1967)

with a carriage: patent no: 549,160 (15). Never manufactured – Selden collected royalties. 13 GASOLINE / First United successful gas powered car: States 4hp, two-stroke motor. The Duryea brothers set up first American car manufacturing company. 2. How many car brands do you know? (open)

3. Can you give an accurate definition for automobile? (open)

4. In the year 2050, what do you consider the automobile to be? (open)

5. What is your definition of the concept of “invention”? (open)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage.

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2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) The idea of the modern automobile and then briefly tracing the history of the self propelled vehicle, it will become increasingly clear how Henry Ford had invented this dominant form of land transportation.

2) Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product. 3) The middle class stood to gain the most from this individualized transportation, yet in the early 1900‘s vehicles were considered luxury items, as they were only affordable to the upper class. 4) A clutch allowed the engine to run while the vehicle remained stationary, a gearbox allowed the engine to adjust to various road conditions. 5) He believed in strong, lightweight, fast, gasoline powered cars sold at low prices, generating small individual profits, but sold in large quantities. 6) In other words, Ford had recognized that all of the recent technical developments were only useful if they were utilized in a manner

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that always kept the needs of the people foremost in mind. 7) In order to achieve mass production, Ford envisioned a continuous flow of raw materials, components, and assembled products. 8) It was not obvious that so many companies and people could be incorporated into the chain that made all of this possible. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 自我驱动的人口密度奢侈品批量生产装配线最大效率合并由…组成由…构成普通大众

self propelled population density luxury item mass-production assembly line maximum efficiency incorporation be composed of consisted of the great multitude

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2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) Henry Ford, an American farmer, machinist, steam engineer, and mechanic, opened the Ford Motor Company and the invention of the modern automobile was soon to follow.

2) Braking systems evolved from wooden shoes being pressed against rubber tires to a belt tightening on a drum to shoes being pressed against a drum via a foot pedal to pads gripping a rotating disc via a foot pedal.

3) The body and frame became separate entities with springs being placed between the frame and the wheels in order to prevent the axles from breaking on rough roads.

4) His assembly line consisted of a car being pulled on a skid to each assembly location where all the needed parts and tools were already located and each assembler only had to perform one simple operation

5) It was not obvious that a gas-powered vehicle could be produced in a manner that made it affordable to the average American without sacrificing quality.

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3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) The way to make automobiles, is to make one automobile just like another automobile.

生产汽车就是让汽车标准化。

2) The modern automobile is not a single vehicle; it is a collection of millions of cars designed for utilization by a mass market. 现代汽车产业不是简单的交通工具，而是批量市场中上百万辆汽车的总和。

3) Engineers design the components, machinists manufacture the components, assemblers assemble the components into complete systems, truck drivers deliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses.

工程师设计部件，机械师生产部件，装配师把部件装配成系统，卡车司机运送产品，最后是分销商批量出卖。

4) To me, all the mechanical developments of the century are not very important as compared with the knowledge we are gaining of how to use everything in the public interest while preserving the full advantages of individual initiative.

对我来说，本世纪最重要的机械方面的进步莫过于我们开始认识到如何同时发挥集体的力量和个人的主观能动性。

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5) Ford reduced assembly to a series of simple steps which allowed him to tap into the large pool of American unskilled and semiskilled workers.

福特使生产变成了简单的程序，这使他能够利用美国的非熟练/半熟练工人。

4. Translate the sentences into English. 1) ―福特制‖的精髓在于标准化的生产。

The essence of ―Fordism‖ lies in the standardized process of productivity.

2) 福特预见到了一种连续性的流水式生产模式。 Ford envisioned a continuous flow of production process. 3) 他不是第一个需要处理这种难题的人。 He was not the first person to tackle this problem.

4) 将众多生产厂家、公司整合进入一个生产链在当时不是一件容易的事情。

It was not easy then that so many companies and people could be incorporated into the chain of production.

5) 很多人指责―福特制‖使能干的人退化成了每天重复机械工作的机器人。

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Many people have criticized ―Fordism‖ for reducing competent human beings to a sort of robot performing the same task hundreds of times each day.

3. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Translation Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

Exercise 1. Choose a proper Chinese word to render the non-term in each sentence by making use of the part of speech, and then translate these sentences into Chinese.

work: (v. 工作、努力、起作用 n. 任务、工作量、工作)

1) Programmers work hard to keep the number of instructions to a minimum, ensuring snappy performance for users. v. 努力

程序员努力使指令数量保持最少，以确保用户能感受到良好的性能。

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2) This grid ensures regularity across different screens and reduces both the amount of work that a designer must do to lay out the screens and the work that a user must do to read and understand the screens. n. 工作量

网格保证了每一个屏幕的显示是规则的，不仅减少了设计者进行布局规划的工作量，也减少了浏览者阅读和理解屏幕的工作量。

3) At the same time, industrial designers work with engineers to finalize components and assembly. v. 工作

同时，工业设计师与工程师合作完成配件和组装的定案。 4) Transparency would also work, but is still very computing-intensive. v. 起作用

透明度也可以起到一定的作用，但计算强度仍然很大。 5) These can be domain-related artifacts, software interfaces, paper systems, tours of the work environment, or ideally all the above. n. 工作

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参观内容可以是领域相关的人工制品、软件界面、纸张系统及工作环境，最好能包括以上所有项目。

6) The robot may willingly perform difficult work, but only when given the precise command at precisely the correct time. n. 任务

只有在恰当的时间，接收到精确的命令，机器人才能完成艰巨的任务。

Exercise 2. Try to offer an appropriate translated version for each of the following expressions. device：

rocket propelled device 火箭推进器 aiming device 瞄准镜

radar jamming device 雷达干扰设备安全开关

cutout device

dragging device 拉丝机 protective device 保护装置

carrier：

aircraft carrier 航空母舰导弹运载飞机

carrier rocket 运载火箭载频放大器

carrier channel 载波信道

missile carrier

carrier amplifier charge carrier 电 142

荷载流子

object carrier （显微镜的）载物玻璃 carrier 氢载体

sample carrier 试样容器主轴托架

develop：

develop a motor 研制马达推导公式

develop a policy 制定阐明概念

develop a formula

develop an idea develop a system

hydrogen

carrier

spindle

develop a method 提出（研究）一种方法建立一种体系

develop a film 冲洗底片地图,

develop a design 进行设计发展农业

develop plants 培育植物开发资源

develop a map摊开 develop agriculture develop resources

develop

develop potentialities 挖掘潜力 weakness 暴露弱点 develop hepatitis 患肝炎 competence 增长才干 develop skills 提高技巧示力量

develop abilities 培养能力

develop

develop strength 显Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Pay special attention to these non-terms.

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cure

1) 他正在实验治疗肝炎的药物。

2) 虽然奎宁能减缓病症，但不一定能根治这种病。 3) 美国将于下月推行解决通货膨胀的严厉措施。

4) 为了防止这种情况发生，只有在拖动光标进入自动滚屏带，缓冲大约半秒钟的时间后才开始启动。 bug

1) 打个比方，我们可以想象一个一生都在平面上度过的两维昆虫。 2) 患者染上了亚洲流感性感冒病毒。 3) 系统存在故障（漏洞）。

4) 斯特罗恩显然是在事后才知道有窃听这回事。 5) 他们喷撒杀虫剂给马铃薯除虫。

culture

1) 事实上，在许多地区―林业‖就是―森林栽培‖的同义语。 2) 约瑟夫·科勒认为法律控制的目的是促进文化的发展。 3) 培养基通常要进行高压杀菌。 4) 现代教育的方法具有科学性。

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Unit 7 Genetic Engineering Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions with your partner.

(Open questions without definite answers)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own or with your partner to figure out

the main ideas expressed in the text. Part1 (Para.1) Explaining genetic engineering

Para. 1: premise on which the technology is based (genetic information, encoded by DNA and arranged in the form of genes, is a resource that can be manipulated in various ways to achieve certain goals) and basic procedures of genetic manipulation.

Part 2 (Paras. 2-3) Knowledge foundations lead to the emergence of genetic engineering as an independent scientific inquiry

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Para. 2: a short review on the history of genetic engineering since 1900, which divides the development of this scientific inquiry into three stages

Para. 3: the establishment of genetic engineering as an independent discipline.

Part 3 (Paras. 4-5) Genetic knowledge in the earlier years

Para. 4: ligase purified in the 1970s successfully removes technical constraints in genetic manipulation.

Para. 5: the emergence of the technology which became known as gene cloning

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

(Open questions without definite answers)

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text.

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Genetic engineering is based on the premise of genetic information which is encoded by DNA and arranged in the form of gene. Genetic information can be understood as a resource that can be manipulated in various ways to achieve certain goals in both pure and applied science and medicine. Thus, it is said that the mainstay of genetic engineering is genetic manipulation which is the ability to isolate a single DNA sequence from the genome. The science of genetics really began with the rediscovery of George Mendel‘s works on inheritance in 1900. In the next 40 years or so the world saw the elucidation of the principles of inheritance and genetic mapping. The first recombinant DNA molecules were generated at Stanford University in 1972, using the cleavage properties of restriction enzymes (scissors) and the ability of DNA ligase to join DNA strands together (like glue in daily life). Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) Robert W. Holley and H. Gobind Khorana are remembered for the elucidation of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis, which won them a Nobel Prize in 1968. 2) One milligram is 1000 microgram. That is to say, 0.001 miligram is equal to microgram. 3) Once recombinant DNA molecules have been constructed in vitro, the desired sequence can be isolated. 4) Replicon is a piece of DNA carrying an origin of replication.

5) Although amplification is a useful step in producing stable libraries, it can lead to skewing of the library. 6) A major problem with this approach occurs if the protein contains one or more internal methionine residues, as this will result in unwanted cleavage by CNBr. 7) Extrachromosomal element is a DNA molecule that is not part of the host cell chromosome. 8) Gene therapy refers to the use of cloned genes in the treatment of genetically derived malfunctions. 9) Maternal inheritance refers to the pattern of inheritance from female cytoplasm. Mitochondrial genes are inherited in this way, as the mitochondria are inherited with the ovum. 10) Linkage mapping is a type of genetic mapping (q.v.) technique used to 147

establish the degree of linkage between genes.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) Restriction enzyme is an endonuclease that cuts DNA at sites defined by its recognition sequence. DNA内切酶是一种酸内切酶，它能够在其识别序列指定的部位切割DNA。

2) Genetic information is encoded by DNA and arranged in the form of genes. 基因信息由DNA进行编码，并以基因的形式组合。

3) The main advances made in medicine during the Renaissance (c. 1350–c. 1600; a European revival of classical Greek and Roman culture) was greater understanding of human anatomy (parts of the body). 医药科学在文艺复兴时期（大致是1300年-1600年之间的一段历史时期，以古希腊罗马文化的复兴为主要标志）取得的最大进展之一就是对人体解剖结构的理解。

4) These are the premise which Murphy's Law is based. 这些就是莫菲定律的理论前提。

5) The flight is culminated with a thrilling three-dimensional smoke chase, each aircraft alternating \"lead and follow\" positions across the sky. 一场动人心魄的三维烟雾追逐表演将整个活动推向高潮。在这场表演中，观众可以看到每一架参演的飞机都在天空中不断改变自己的位置，一会儿在前，一会儿在后。

6) Supervised teaching practicum is designed to establish the knowledge basis of oncology nursing. 在导师指导下进行的教学实践课程是肿瘤科护士学习专业知识所必需的环节。

7) Good will prevail over evil in the end. 善终会战胜恶。

8) Ecology is therefore a perquisite to eradication or elimination, and will be essential to sustaining success in the long term. 因此，生态环境是生物灭绝或消失的先决条件，从长远上讲也是物种成功生存的重要条件。

9) The isolation of enzyme from organisms is a vital step in genetic

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engineering.

将酶从生物中分离出来是基因工程的重要一步。

10) The advent of genetic engineering has removed these constraints, and has given the agricultural scientist a very powerful way of incorporating defined genetic changes into plants. 基因工程近来取得的进展已经突破了这类技术。在农业科学家手中，这些进展转化成了改变世界的有力武器。真是因为有了这类武器，他们现在能将特定的基因变异特征移植到植物中。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a

complete sentence. 1) Our current knowledge of embryological development, as shown in Fig. 13.1, has been established over a long period. 2) The production of a transgenic organism involves altering the genome so that a permanent change is effected. 3) The announcement of the birth of Dolly in a paper in the journal Nature in February 1997 rocked the scientific community. 4) As with many opposing theories, there are aspects of each that can be considered valuable even today. 5) Despite these difficulties, methods for the generation of transgenic plants and animals are now well established.

4. Directions: With the meaning intact, change subordinate clauses in following sentences into constructions constituted with Non-finite verbs. 1) To prevent the enzyme acting on the host cell DNA, the modification enzyme of the system (a methylase) modifies the host DNA by methylation of particular bases in the restriction enzyme‘s recognition sequence. 2) Further descriptors to the nomination of an endonuclease may be added, depending on the bacterial strain involved and on the presence or absence of extrachromosomal elements. 3) However, as well as being useful, ribonucleases can pose some unwanted problems. 4) Coupled with a slow-acting endonuclease, its primary activity is a fast-acting 3‘ exonuclease. 5) Used in many genetic engineering procedures, polymerase enzymes

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synthesise copies of nucleic acid molecules.

Discourse Understanding 1) E 2) G 3) D 4) A 5) F

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. (Open questions without definite answers)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the text you have just read.

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) The tools that enable these manipulations to be performed are enzymes, which are purified from a wide range of organisms and can be bought from various suppliers. 2) The restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at defined sites, represent one of the most important groups of enzymes for the manipulation of DNA. 3) To prevent the enzyme acting on the host cell DNA, the modification enzyme of the system modifies the host DNA by methylation of particular bases in the recognition sequence, which prevents the restriction enzyme from cutting the DNA. 4) Type II enzymes are nucleases, and as they cut at an internal position in a DNA strand (as opposed to beginning degradation at one end) they are known as endonucleases. 5) Thus an enzyme from a strain of Escherichia coli is termed Eco, one from 150

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is Bam, and so on.

6) Restriction enzymes are very simple to use – an appropriate amount of enzyme is added to the target DNA in a buffer solution. 7) DNA ligase is an important cellular enzyme, as its function is to repair broken phosphodiester bonds that may occur at random or as a consequence of DNA replication or recombination. 8) The enzyme used most often in experiments is T4 DNA ligase, which is purified from E. coli cells infected with bacteriophage T4.

Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.

遗传图谱基因组人类人造染色体体外，离体性图谱核苷酸重组体克隆碱基对脱氧核糖核酸核酸内切酶

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) It can therefore be thought of as molecular glue, which is used to stick pieces of DNA together. 2) The enzyme used most often in experiments is T4 DNA ligase, which is purified from E. coli cells infected with bacteriophage T4. 3) The biology of gene cloning is concerned with the selection and use of a suitable carrier molecule or vector, and a living system or host in which the vector can be propagated.

genetic map genome

human artificial chromosome in vitro restriction map nucleotide recombinant clones base pair（bp） deoxyribonucleic （DNA）

endonuclease

acid

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4) Other plant (or animal) cells are usually grown as cell cultures, which are much easier to manipulate than cells in a whole organism. 5) Conjugative plasmids can mediate their own transfer between bacteria by the process of conjugation, which requires functions specified by the tra (transfer) and mob (mobilising) regions carried on the plasmid.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) 酶可以从很多种生物体中提取，这是实现遗传操作的重要手段。 2) 性内切酶可以用来定点切割DNA，这是遗传操作中最重要的工具之一。 3) 内切酶可以从内部切分DNA，性内切酶就是其中最好的代表。 4) DNA依赖聚合酶能将遗传信息从DNA复制到DNA，而RNA依赖聚合酶则能将遗传物质从RNA复制到RNA 5) 聚合酶能合成核酸分子的副本，在很多基因工程的操作中都需要用到。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Other enzymes used in genetic engineering may be loosely termed DNA modifying enzymes, with the term used here to include degradation, synthesis and alteration of DNA. 2) The value of restriction endonucleases lies in their specificity.

3) Enzyme activity is expressed in units, with one unit being the amount of enzyme that will cleave one microgram of DNA in one hour at 37 °C. 4) The ability of enzymes to cut, modify and join DNA molecules gives the genetic engineer the freedom to create recombinant DNA molecules. 5) Amplification usually requires a biological system, unless the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open questions without a priori answers)

Part II EST Translation Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

1. Translate the following passive-voice sentences into Chinese.

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1) 儿童比成年人更易患病,在学校和福利院常可见此病流行。

2) 至少五百万美国人正在接受糖尿病的治疗，而还有五百万人在他们的一生中迟早会患此病。 3) 关于其临床特征、病程及预后，已知之甚详。

4) 由于烧灼区周围还可能再出血，对有出血倾向的患者宜用此法。 5) 主动免疫使像白喉、天花、小儿麻痹和麻疹这样的病得以预防。 6) 药物、物理疗法或外科手术可以治疗疼痛。

2. Translate the following lengthy sentences into Chinese by adopting varied strategies.

1) 许多医生对病人遭受不必要的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷，甚至构成―蓄意虐待病人。 2) 由于汗蒸发留下的沉积物，油状皮脂物质的聚集和粘着的污垢,经常清洁皮肤是必要的。 3) 女性患者，29岁，第三次妊娠和分娩时无任何并发症，四周后下背部疼痛持续一周。 4) 这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释此信息的技能和才智。 5) 将来固体燃料的燃烧在区域供热电站以及工业电站将大大取决于是否能使用既经济实惠，又可以减少排放的燃烧系统。 6) 用青霉素对溶血性链球菌感染进行早期积极的治疗, 可以降低此种感染后的风湿热发病率; 但是风湿热一旦被激发后, 使用抗菌药物治疗就无效了。 7) 虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，但一个人也只能了解其中的一小部分——但事实上，各学科之间的界限却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的―单一整体‖。 8) 在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中，国际分公司在经济生产中所占份额也在快速增长。 9) 即使没有被告知得了重病，那些病人也十分清楚潜在的后果，这一点给我们的印象极为深刻。 10) 发病后七到十天时，可以看到对抗致病病毒的抗体已经增多；发病后二至四周时，可观察到抗体反应达到最高峰。

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11) 1974年8月研究所接到指示说：如果研究成果能应用于市场预测，则研究工作可继续进行。 12) 通过输入的信号将一些开关打开将另一些开关关闭、或者将磁芯磁化或退磁的方式让计算机做我们想做的事，这就是计算机的基本概念。 13) 有子宫纤维瘤的妇女通常直到肿瘤长得相当大以致下腹有沉重感觉时，或直到由于膀胱受压而发觉小便频繁时，或直到由于直肠受压而引起顽固性便秘时，才知道子宫内存在瘤了。 14) 一般而言，若能非常准确地界定所要测定的特征，测试则为最有效；若无法明确界定所要测定或预测的内容，测试效果则最差。 15) 血液有小动脉流入毛细血管, 在毛细血管中血液把氧释放给身体的细胞并从组织中排除废物。

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Unit 8 Space Exploration Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. How much do you know about the space?

Space is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction.[1] Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. In mathematics one examines 'spaces' with different numbers of dimensions and with different underlying structures. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe although disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

2. How do you understand the title “Does God Play Dice”?

\"The science of chaos is forcing scientists to rethink Einstein's fundamental assumptions regarding the way the universe behaves. Chaos theory has already shown that simple systems, obeying precise laws, can nevertheless act in a random manner. Perhaps God plays dice within a cosmic game of complete law and order. Does God Play Dice? reveals a strange universe in which nothing may be as it seems. Familiar geometric shapes such as circles and ellipses give way to infinitely complex structures known as fractals, the fluttering of a butterfly's wings can change the weather, and the gravitational attraction of a creature in a distant galaxy can change the fate of the solar system.\"

3. What is determinism?

Determinism (specifically causal determinism) is the concept that events within a given paradigm are bound by causality in such a way that any state (of an object or event) is, to some large degree, determined by prior states. 4. How do you understand “the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary and random”?

Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning, or apparent reason. Primitive people attributed such natural phenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way. There was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win favor by gifts or actions. Many people still partially

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subscribe to this belief, and try to make a pact with fortune.

5. Do you think we can predict absolutely what is going to happen? Of course not. Some disasters like May 12 Earthquake have proved that ―no living man all things can.‖

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to the topic.

Para. 1: Brief introduction to the topic

Part 2 (Paras. 2-3): Laplace‘s idea of scientific determinism. Para. 2: Introduction to scientific determinism Para.3: The connotation of determinism Part 3 (Paras. 4-5): Planck‘s quantum mechanics Para. 4: Introduction to quantum mechanics. Para. 5: The connotation of quantum mechanics.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) Do you think we can predict what will happen?

Sometimes yes, sometimes not. We can predict what will happen in principle.

2) Can you give list some regularities in the behavior of nature? (Open)

3) How do you understand “A scientific law is not a scientific law, if it only holds when some supernatural being, decides to let things run, and not intervene”? In effect what he said was, that if at one time, we knew the positions and speeds of all the particles in the universe, then we could calculate their behavior at any other time, in the past or future. 4) How much do you know “quantum mechanics”?

Quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between quanta and elementary particles. Among other relationships the valence shell electrons and photons are quantized. Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics with wide applications in both

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experimental and theoretical physics. Quantum theory generalizes all classical theories, including mechanics, electromagnetism (except general relativity), and provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena such as black body radiation and stable electron orbits.The effects of quantum mechanics are typically not observable on macroscopic scales, but become evident at the atomic and subatomic level.

5) What has been a central tenet of science, ever since Laplace’s time? The idea that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has been a central tenet of science, ever since Laplace‘s time.

3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text.

Man always argues whether we can predict the future, or whether it is arbitrary and random. In the past, people used to think natural phenomena were often determined by a pantheon of gods and goddesses when disasters such as floods or diseases happened without warning. People have found some regularities in the behavior of nature gradually. Until today, we still use Newton‘s theory of gravity to predict the motion of almost all celestial bodies. That many natural phenomena obeyed definite scientific laws led to the idea of scientific determinism first publicly expressed by Laplace. In effect what he said was that if at one time, we knew the positions and speeds of all the particles in the universe, and then we could calculate behavior at

Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word on.

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1) It is difficult to convey the sheer complexity of the situation. 2) This great prediction is coming true. 3) Henry has apologized for his bad behavior.

4) End users are able to subscribe and unsubscribe to the published alerts made available to them.

5) The doctor followed the development of the child closely. 6) Climate change is a universal problem. 7) Her arbitrariness made her many enemies. 8) We were indefinite about their plans.

9) Three people were killed, 37 injured and an undetermined number of workers are missing.

10) There is an irregularity in your application.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) He was apparently much surprised at the news. 他显然对这个消息感到吃惊。

2) He attributes his success to working hard.

3) It‘s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it

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often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路公司获得了一个决定谁败谁荣的权利。

4) Economic factors determine the progress which a society can make. 经济因素决定着一个社会所能取得的进步。 5) The teacher noticed that one student was missing. 老师主要一道有一个学生不在。

6) The President intervened personally in the crisis. 总统亲自出面处理这场危机。

7) Plum pudding is an English dish dating back to the Middle Ages. 李子布丁是一道英国菜，它的起源可以追溯到中世纪。 8) The gas gave off an unpleasant smell. 这种气体散发出一种不好闻的味道。 9) He paraphrased the poem in modern English. 他用现代英语译述这首诗。

10) I calculated that the trip would take two days. 我估计这段路程要走两天时间。

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3. Directions: Reorder the disordered pars of a sentence to make a

complete sentence.

1) Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning, or apparent reason.

2) It was found that elementary particles behaved rather like little tops, spinning about an axis.

3) Not only would this mean that we would all die of skin cancer, but also everything in the universe would be at the same temperature 4) The idea that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has been a central tenet of science, ever since Laplace's time.

5) I thought I would like to quote Laplace‘s actual words, so I asked a friend to track them down.

4. Directions: Change the following clauses into nonfinite verbs. 1) I will appreciate very much your finding some books about space exploration.

2) She regrets not having studied the computer hard. 3) I am proud of having written such a good science fiction. 4) His being looked down upon made him sick.

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5) Do you mind lending me your encyclopedia now?

Discourse Understanding 1. C. 2. E. 3. F. 4. A. 5. D. Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Do you have any idea about “Machine Dreams”? (Open)

2. How can you define a robot?

It refers to the mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of often-complex human tasks on command or by being programmed in advance.

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3. How would a quantum computer work?

Quantum computers use the power of atoms to perform memory and processing tasks.

4. Robots now are widely used. Can you give us some example? Robots cleaned up the Three Mile Island nuclear accident (from 1984 to 1986).

5. Can you imagine what the robots are going to be like in the future? (Open)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best abstract of the passage. D

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) The movies have ____________ us into thinking that robots should look like people, but the revolution isn‘t turning out that way. (brainwashed)

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2) I‘m a little more ____________ about that. I worked with robots that cleaned up the Three Mile Island nuclear accident [from 1984 to 1986]. Those were remote controlled, and one of the knocks against them was that they weren‘t real robots. (liberal)

3) They don‘t speak, yet they are capable of developing very deep social ____________ with other people. We thought there would be lots of things to learn about the way infants interact with robots. (interactions)

4) The trick is to make robots go ____________ into the rubble, more than the 20 feet tha t the existing camera-on-a-stick technology can go. (deeper)

5) It was ____________ to put some form of emotional mechanism into these robots. (critical)

6) I think what scares people about robots is giving them targeting authority, letting them make decisions ____________ who‘s going to get shot. I don‘t think that‘s going to happen anytime in the short term — not in the U.S. military, at least. (on)

7) Big trucks in surface mines are ____________ from features of automation. We designed farming machines that harvest hay using machine vision systems, GPS guidance, and other sensing devices. (benefiting)

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8) This would seem a perfect place to eliminate humans, but some peo ple worry about letting machines ____________ control of warfare.(take) Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English n the right column. 暴雨成灾太阳系以外的星球太阳系诱因就目前来说必不可少的有效载荷航行

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

a. The movies have brainwashed us into thinking that robots should look like people, but the revolution isn‘t turning out that way.

flash flooding extrasolar planets solar system incentive in the short term indispensable payload navigate

b. I am wondering that how the machines changing and how they will change us.

c. We designed farming machines that harvest hay using machine vision systems, GPS guidance, and other sensing devices.

d. You‘re going to have to camp out a bit, and keep the binoculars handy to watch for the comet; when this goes down, you had better get some really good pictures, hopefully video, and then hop back in your time machine and out of there as quickly as possible.

e. As we develop robots that can actually interact with humans and survive in these less controlled environments, we will find them to be an indispensable tool.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. A robot is something that senses the world, does some sort of computation, and decides to take an action outside of its physical extremity.

机器人是一种超出其物理极限、能够感知世界、进行某种运算并决定采取行动的东西。

2. It‘s also critical to understand the intelligence of these things

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— it‘s not just intelligence in general but an intelligence situated in a particular world.

理解那些事物的智力也是非常关键的─不是一般意义的―智力‖，而是置于特殊特点环境下的―智力‖。

3. As we develop robots that can actually interact with humans and survive in these less controlled environments, we will find them to be an indispensable tool.

当我们发展研究能够真正与人互动并在更少控制下的环境中生存的机器人时，我们发现它们已经是一种不可或缺的工具。 4. We designed farming machines that harvest hay using machine vision systems, GPS guidance, and other sensing devices.

我们设计农业机器，通过机器视觉系统、全球定位系统辅助和其他传感器收割干草。

5. It may not be too long, however, before automatic systems are better at making judgments than humans are.

然而，可能在不久之后，自动系统会比人类更加善于做出判断。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

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1) 随着社会的发展需要，机器人已经渗透了我们的生活、工作和经济方面，并且起到了很大的作用。

With the need of the developing society, robots have permeated into every aspect of our life, work and economics, and are playing an important role.

2) 张平博士在报告中向同学们介绍了将来机器人发展对社会发展的重要性，以及他对机器人教育现状的一些调查和理解看法。 In his(her) speech, Dr. Zhang Ping introduced the significance of robots to the development of human society and his (her) own understanding and views of the robots education in colleges now. 3) 如果您想见证人类历史上最令人惊叹（awe-inspiring）的时刻，那么请把时光机器调到1945年7月16日5点29分，在美国新墨西哥州阿拉默多尔（Alamogordo）。

If you want to see one of the most awe-inspiring events in human history, then you need to set your time machine for 5:29 AM, July 16th 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

4) 让我们承认吧，您小的时候自第一次看过《星球大战》以来，一定想象光速那样穿越时空。您也许还特别希望秋巴卡（Chewbacca）能坐您旁边，但是让我们正经点。现在如果一些―打破物理常规‖之类的想法困扰了您，别忘了您有一部神奇的时光机器。

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Let‘s face it, ever since you were a kid and you saw Star Wars for the first time, you wanted to fly through space at light speed. You especially wanted to do it with Chewbacca at your side but we‘re trying to be realistic here. Now if the whole ―breaking the laws of physics‖ thing bothers you, well, you‘re in a freaking time machine.

5) 人类学家(Anthropologist)指出，如果没有啤酒的出现，人类可能不会联合在一起，我们过去不会想到在农场上安定下来。 Anthropologists suggest that without the advent of beer, man may never have banded together and settled down on farms like we did.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Writing Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

1. Consult dictionary and try to find out the mechanical meaning of the following common words: CommOrdinon ary words meaning pig 猪 dog 狗 cat 猫 Mechanical meaning CommOrdinon ary words meaning 金属锭块 house 房子挡块，止动爪 disk 唱片吊锚，履带拖拉desk 书桌 Mechanical meaning 箱体，罩硬磨盘控制屏 168

cock horse fish snake monkey fox bird coat cap shoe cup bed bench

公鸡马鱼蛇猴子狐狸鸟外衣帽子鞋子杯子床长凳机旋塞，吊车支架，铁杆接合板，夹板斑点活动板手，起重机小车绳索飞机，火箭镀层轴承盖，罩壳闸瓦，履带片皮碗，轴套底座，机床身拉床，钳工台 table eye ear mouth nose hand finger foot head neck body hair tooth 桌子眼耳口鼻手手指脚头颈身体头发牙齿放料盘孔环吊钩开度喷嘴手柄，指针厚薄规支座冒口，刀架座机身游丝粗糙面 2. Improve the following sentences or phrases into EST style: 1) Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.

2) Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 3) The volume of this machine is very small. 4) experimental results 5) theoretical analysis 6) interim report

7) Current is measured in amperes. 8) Radio waves travel in all directions. 9) Laser beams are emitted at the moon.

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10) Fig. 1 shows the variation of output with input.

3. Which of the following two passages is more “scientific” do you think? Explain why. (Open)

Reference Translation： Text 1 专门用于汽车大赛的汽车如，夏夫来(Safari)或蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)，从外观上看与从汽车修理厂买来的普通用途的汽车没什么区别。事实上，它们有区别，参加大赛的汽车是经过特殊方式制造的。首先，它们所采用的部件必须经过严格的测试；其次，选好的部件要经过精心组装，也就是说，参赛的汽车事实上是通过手工制造的。

Text 2 钢制的工具箱放在仓库里。箱里除了一些标准工具以外，还有下列工具：一把12英寸长的卷尺、铜线、一些10工分长的铁钉、两脚插头、保险丝溶线和一个油壶。如发现工具丢失，请务必通知车间主任。 170

Unit 9 Urban Planning Part I EST Reading Reading1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1) What does sustainable mean in urban planning? Could you list some features of a sustainable city?

Sustainable means using something or doing something in a way that minimises damage to the environment and which avoids using up natural resources, eg by using renewable rather than scarce resources. Sketching of a ―sustainable‖ city‘s features: compact, efficient land use; less automobile use, yet better access; efficient resource use; less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; a sustainable economy; community participation and involvement; and preservation of local culture and wisdom.

2) Do you know anything about urbanisation?

Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as

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movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.

3) How does traffic congestion occurs?

Traffic congestion occurs when a road is overused and vehicles using it are unable to move freely. 4) What is traffic calming?

Traffic calming is a term used for schemes that aim to reduce the speed of road traffic. This can be done by constructing speed bumps, narrowing the road etc.

5) How do you understand non-renewable resource? A non-renewable resource is one that cannot be replaced when it is used up, such as oil, natural gas or coal.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading Comprehension

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Paras. 1-5): Causes of urbanisation

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Para. 1: What does urbanisation mean?

Para. 2: As a country industrialises, the number of people living in

urban areas tends to increase. Para. 3: Now the UK has almost urbanised.

Para. 4: Urbanisation has been increasingly taking place all over the

world, especially in LEDCs. Para. 5: What is counter-urbanisation?

Part 2 (Paras. 6-9): Problems of urbanisation in the CBD – traffic congestion

Para. 6: As more people move to the edge of towns and cities, traffic

congestion may get worse.

Para. 7: What causes a bottleneck and congestion?

Para. 8: Some cities have introduced several traffic management

schemes.

Para. 9: Local councils also introduce some measures.

Part 3 (Paras. 10-11): Problems of urbanisation in the urban rural fringe – housing demand

Para. 10: Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater

demand for housing.

Para. 11: However, building new, affordable homes in urban areas is

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difficult.

Part 4 (Paras. 12-14): Sustainable cities

Para. 12: It lists key features of a sustainable city.

Para. 13: A sustainable city will grow at a sustainable rate and use

resources in a sustainable way.

Para. 14: It presents some questions to measure whether a city is

sustainable or not.

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What does counter-urbanisation mean in the text? 2) What causes urbanisation?

3) Can you explain the reason for traffic congestion in details? 4) What measures can be used to solve the problem of traffic congestion?

5) Do you know anything about brownfield?

6) How to balance the conflict between current residents and future residents?

7) What makes an ideal or sustainable city?

8) Which feature is the most important one for a sustainable city? (Open)

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3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.

Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. As a country industrialises, the number of people living in urban areas tends to increase. Due to the mechanisation in farming，people migrated from rural areas to urban areas where there was employment in the new factories. However more and more people living in an urban society like the UK, are choosing to live on the edge of urban areas, which is called counter-urbanisation. As a result, traffic congestion may get worse for many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get to work. Another problem of urbanisation is housing demand. Since land values are very high and land is in short supply, building new and affordable homes in urban areas is difficult. So developers try to build on brownfield sites and greenfield sites. In the long term, however, the solution must be to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality of life to current residents but doesn‘t reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy. Vocabulary and Structure

1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the

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indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

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1) Development of renewable energy is promoted to achieve sustainability.

2) Economic Inequality generally refers to equality of outcome, and is related to the idea of equality of opportunity.

3) Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife.

4) Counter-urbanisation/ Counter urbanisation is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas.

5) Demography is the statistical study of human populations, which can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space.

6) Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the ―Reduce, Reuse, Recycle‖ waste hierarchy. 7) In the United States city planning jargon, a brownfield site is land previously used for industrial purposes or certain commercial uses, and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up.

8) 8) In ecology the word sustainability describes how biological

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systems remain diverse and productive over time.

9) Negative growth can be referred to by saying that the economy is shrinking, which is associated with economic recession and economic depression.

10) Energy efficient buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world‘s energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help controlling global emissions of greenhouse gases.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

1) I have several rows of cabbages in the garden. 我在园子里种了几行卷心菜。

2) A similar trend to scientific cooperation on a global scale was apparent in many other fields, like meteorology, astronomy, nuclear fusion, and space.

在许多其他如气象学、天文学、核聚变以及空间科学领域中也同样存在全球规模的科学合作。

3) Narrow waterways thread Between white walled houses to link up with the Grand Canal, making the city the Venice of China. 城中狭窄的水道蜿蜒于白色墙壁的房屋间，终端与大运河汇

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合。这里有―东方威尼斯‖之称。

4) Dogs show what may be fairly called a sense of humor. 狗也表现有一种可以名符其实地称为幽默的感觉。

5) Compared to the railroads, the electrical industry was still young in the 1920s, but its rise had been spectacular.

和铁路相比，电力工业在二十年代仍然很年轻，但它的出现则很惊人。

6) Silent, they loafed on the edge of the wharf, swinging their legs above the water.

他们悄悄地坐在码头边上消磨时光，两腿在水面上来回晃荡。 7) At first blush, land is seen as a fixed or unalterable resource. 乍一看土地是一种固定的、或者说是不可改变的资源。 8) The effect of car-reliant transportation systems on cities is ―urban sprawl‖ – undesirable horizontal rather than vertical growth. 发展依赖于汽车的交通体系的后果是―城市的蔓延‖，即城市在令人讨厌的水平方向扩展，而不是在垂直方向上扩展。 9) Added to this, the thriving Chinese communities in many American urban centres and their reputation as a model minority have aroused further their interests in this distant land, which is so vastly

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different from theirs.

此外，许多美国城市的繁荣华人社区，享有模范少数民族的美誉，更让美国人对这个和他们的文化大相径庭的古老文明，产生浓厚的兴趣。

10) These people will tend to flood the cities, worsening already strained urban resources.

这些人往往大批涌往城市，使市区本已负荷过重的各种设施雪上加霜。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.

1) Urban planners are responsible for developing plans pertaining to construction of new buildings in order to meet the specific needs of the population of a city or town.

2) They are experts when it comes to zoning, environmental rules, and building code rules.

3) Also, they are involved in controlling pollution, conservation efforts, or drafting legislation related to the planning of buildings or landmarks.

4) Granted, getting an urban planning PhD requires several years of

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work.

5) After completion of an undergraduate degree, you can pursue a Master of Science (MS) degree that focuses on urban planning or public affairs.

4. Directions: Change the following sentences into ones with non-finite verbs.

1) Some planners argue that modern lifestyles use too many natural resources, polluting or destroying ecosystems, increasing social inequality, creating urban heat islands, and causing climate change. 2) More recently, addressing climate change has become the most important environmental issue.

3) Responding to a post-oil era in the form of public-transport and pedestrian-based movement systems, more compact and integrated cities, present new imperatives for planning.

4) Collaborative planning is a method designed to empower stakeholders by elevating them to the level of decision-makers through direct engagement and dialogue.

5) Active public involvement can help planners achieve better outcomes by making them aware of the public‘s needs and

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preferences and by using local knowledge to inform projects.

Discourse Understanding 1. G. 2. C. 3. B. 4. F. 5. A.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Do you know anything about the Brundtland Report?

Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) was published in 1987. Its targets were multilateralism and interdependence of nations in the search for a sustainable development

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path. The report sought to recapture the spirit of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - the Stockholm Conference - which had introduced environmental concerns to the formal political development sphere. Our Common Future placed environmental issues firmly on the political agenda; it aimed to discuss the environment and development as one single issue. The publication of Our Common Future and the work of the World Commission on Environment and Development laid the groundwork for the convening of the 1992 Earth Summit and the adoption of Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and to the establishment of the Commission on Sustainable Development. 2. As a planner, how to address three fundamental priorities in planning: equity(social justice), economic development and environmental protection?

The three types of priorities lead to three perspectives on the city: The economic development planner sees the city as a location where production, consumption, distribution, and innovation take place. The city is in competition with other cities for markets and for new industries. Space is the economic space of highways, market areas, and commuter zones. The environmental planner sees the city as a consumer of resources and a producer of wastes. The city is in competition with nature for scarce resources and land, and always poses a threat to nature. Space is the ecological space of greenways,

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river basins, ecological niches. The equity planner sees the city as a location of conflict over the distribution of resources, of services, and of opportunities. The competition is within the city itself, among different social groups. Space is the social space of communities, neighborhood organizations, labor unions: the space of access and segregation. Certainly there are other important views of the city, including the architectural, the psychological, and the circulatory (transportation); and one could conceivably construct a planner‘s rectangle, pentagon, or more complex polygons. The triangular shape itself is not propounded here as the underlying geometric structure of the planner‘s world. Rather, it is useful for its conceptual simplicity. More importantly, it emphasizes the point that a one-dimensional \"man versus environment\" spectrum misses the social conflicts in contemporary environmental disputes, such as loggers versus the Sierra Club, farmers versus suburban developers, or fishermen versus barge operators (Reisner 1987; Jacobs 19; McPhee 19; Tuason 1993). 3. Do you think cities will cause negative environmental impacts? Why or why not?

Yes. Cities can cause negative environmental impacts, through consumption of natural assets (trees for fuel, ground water, sand and gravel) and the overexploitation of natural services (water systems and air as sinks for sewerage or industrial waste), and they modify the

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environment and generate new hazards, including deforestation and slope instability within and surrounding cities, encouraging landslides and flash flooding. 4. What is a compact city?

Compact City is an an urban planning and urban design concept, which promotes walkable neighborhoods that contain a range of housing and job types. It refers to an city form typically characterized by: (1)Medium density development; (2)Mixed use zoning; (3)The provision of good public transit; (4)An emphasis on urban design - particularly pedestrianization and public space.

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best summary of the passage. D.

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) The 1987 Brundtland Commission and its report (Our common future) placed the issue of sustainable development at the core of urban policy and planning concerns.

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2) Increasingly, as well, there are conflicts between the ―green agenda‖ (environmental concerns), the ―brown agenda‖ (urban development) and the ―red agenda‖ (issues of environmental justice).

3) Responding to a post-oil era, more compact and integrated cities, and more localised food and production systems present new imperatives for planning.

4) The current nature and scale of urbanisation and city growth are also causing a multitude of environmental impacts which are of central concern to planning.

5) From the late 1990s, the notion of sustainable development required that environmental issues were addressed at the same time as economic and social issues.

6) The ―compact city‖ approach argued for medium to high built densities, enabling efficient public transport and thresholds to support concentrations of economic activity, services and facilities. 7) Urban containment policies are common, often implemented through the demarcation of a growth boundary or urban edge, which will protect natural resources.

8) The New Urbanism approach, or Smart Growth (or ―urban villages‖ in the UK), reflects many of the spatial principles of the

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compact city and the sustainable city approaches. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 高密度混合用途城市代谢减缓气候变化新都市主义精明增长多用途环境紧凑型城市城市发展边界城市基础设施解决这一问题

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) An Eco Compact City (ECC) is a city built and developed in

fine-grained mixed use urban metabolism climate mitigation New Urbanism Smart Growth mixed use environments compact city Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) urban infrastructure address the issue 187

balance with the natural environment, which is a city with clear boundaries, with an optimun ratio between density and network of open public spaces defined by urban mixed-use blocks, and it is a city made of a federation of organic urban neighborhoods and districts, but it can also be a metropolis.

2) The ECC(Eco Compact City) allows its inhabitants to live within a pedestrian-friendly environment that encourages pedestrian movements, the use of the public transit, and discourages the intensive us of automobiles.

3) The 1987 Brundtland report (Our common future), which called for ―development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖, placed the issue of sustainable development at the core of urban policy and planning concerns.

4) From the late 1990s, the notion of sustainable development required that environmental issues were addressed at the same time as economic and social issues, and urban planning was viewed as having a central role to play in achieving this.

5) From the 1970s, new urban forms were promoted which responded to environmental concerns as well as to a desire to plan urban areas with a greater sense of place and identity.

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3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) This has important implications for the work of urban planning: steering settlement away from flood-prone coastal and riverine areas and those subject to mud-slides; protecting forest, agricultural and wilderness areas and promoting new ones; and developing and enforcing local climate protection measures.

这对于城市规划工作具有重要意义：引导居民定居点远离洪水易发的沿海和沿江区域，以及那些容易遭受泥石流的地方；保护森林、农业和荒野地区，并增加新的保护地区；以及制定和实施当地的气候保护措施。

2) The global use of oil as an energy source has both promoted and permitted urbanisation, and its easy availability has allowed the emergence of low density and sprawling urban forms — suburbia — dependent on vehicle transport.

作为能源在全球范围使用的石油同时促进和允许了城市化的发展，其获取的容易性使低密度城市和不断扩张的城市形式─即依赖于车辆运输的城郊发展─成为可能。

3) While the planning objectives of this approach are sound, there is a danger that in practice they can become elite enclaves which exclude a mix of incomes and cultures.

虽然这种做法的规划目标是健全的，但也存在一种危险，即在实践中，它们可能成为精英―飞地‖而排斥其它收入人群和文化。

4) International agreements and targets have proved to be major drivers of local action, but increasingly local initiatives are a source of innovation, with shifts to governance regimes reflecting a role for groupings beyond the state.

国际协议和目标已证明是地方行动的主要动力，但是越来越多的地方举措正成为创新的源泉，管理制度的转变反映了国家以外的组织的角色。

5) However, many of the ideas about environmentally sustainable urban forms from the post-1980s period (―compact city‖ ideas and new urbanism) do fit with the climate change agenda, and there is agreement that changing urban form in these directions can be a major factor in promoting climate mitigation.

然而，许多20世纪80年代后期的关于环境可持续发展的城市形式理念（紧凑型城市理念和新都市主义）确实适应了气候变化议程，并且人们普遍认为在这些方向上改变城市形式将成为促进气候缓和的主要因素。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

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1) 在城市规划区内改变土地用途的，在报批前，应当先经有关城市规划行政主管部门同意。

In changing the purpose of land within the urban planned areas, the consent should be obtained from the related urban planning administrative departments before submission for approval. 2) 采用的房屋需求预测模式，需应的转变和最新的人口推算数字作出调整，以便进行土地规划。

For land planning purposes, the government has devised a housing demand model which responds to changes in government policies and population forecasts.

3) 第七条城市总体规划应当和国土规划、区域规划、江河流域规划、土地利用总体规划相协调。

Article 7 The comprehensive plan for a city shall be coordinated with territorial planning, regional planning, water space planning and comprehensive planning for the use of land. 4) 不断城市化很可能会使空气质量和水质恶化。

Continuing urbanisation would be likely to aggravate air and water quality.

5) 赛后，这些建筑将成为会展中心和文化设施，如首都青少年宫、城市规划展览馆等。

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After the Games, these buildings will be turned into convention and exhibition centers and cultural facilities, such as Capital Youth Palace and Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, etc.

5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Writing Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

1. Bear in mind of the following EST sentential features: 1 Impersonalization 2 Nominalization 3 Passive Voice 4 Non-predicative Verbs 5 Long Sentences

2. Try to rewrite the following sentences with the methods above. 1) 我在文中对其性能（performance）作了初步的（initial）分

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析。

An initial analysis of its performance is made (in this paper). 2) 这台计算机所储存的信息比那台的多三倍。

This computer stores four times more information than that one. 3) 这个电路的工作情况（operation）类似于图1-10的电路。 This circuit is similar in operation to the circuit of Fig. 1-10. 4) 物体越热，其辐射（radiate）的能量就越多，这一点在工程上是很有用的。

The hotter a body (is), the more energy it will radiate, a fact [something] that is very useful in engineering.

5)（所谓）弹性（elasticity）指的是物体形变（deform）后恢复其原状的趋势（tendency）。

By elasticity is meant the tendency of an object to return to its original condition after being deformed.

6) 当时最重要的成就之一是人们认识（realize）到了水银是金属。

Among [One of] the most important achievements was the realization that mercury is a metal.

7) 这主要是由于地球并不是球面状（spherical）而引起的（due

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to）。

This is due mainly to the fact that the earth is not spherical. 8) 人们所说的力的三要素（element）在我们学习力学（mechanics）中起着重要的作用。

What are called the three elements of a force play an important role in our study of mechanics.

9) 没有人了解我们称之为生命的那个特征（characteristic）。 Nobody knows the characteristic (that) we call life. 10) 这取决于电流流动的容易程度（ease）。？？？？？

2. Please point out the problems of the following EST sentences and improve them:

1) 这种新方法与现有的方法相比具有简单、可靠的优点。 Comparing with the present methods, this kind of new method has the advantages of simplicity、reliability.

This new method has the advantages over those available [the existing ones] of simplicity and reliability [that it is simple and reliable]. 2) 该模型成功地解释了基区表面电流随栅流变化的实验曲线。 The model successfully explains the experiment curves of the base

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surface current varying with the gate current.

The model explains successfully the experimental curves of the variation of the base surface current with the gate current. [ … curves of the base surface current against [versus] the gate current.] 3) 本文将RELAX算法从数据域推广到相关域。

This paper extends the RELAX algorithm from data domain to correlation domain.

The paper deals with the extension of the RELAX algorithm from …. 4) 如果偏置电路设计不当，LC振荡器就会出现间歇震荡。 If the bias circuit does not design good, the LC oscillator will occur chopping oscillations.

If the bias circuit is not designed well [properly] (If the bias circuit is of poor design), chopping oscillations will take place [result; appear; occur] in the LC oscillator.

A poor [An improper] design of the bias circuit will lead to [result in; bring about; give rise to; cause] chopping oscillations in the LC oscillations.

5) 如果把A代入B中，我们就得到C。 If A is substituted in B, we get C.

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Substituting A in [into] B, we have [get; obtain] C.

Substituting A in [into] B (Substitution of A in [into] B) gives [yields; produces; results in; leads to] C.

6) 这个方法需要精确的定位，这就使得它的实现具有一定的难度。

This method requires accurate location and this makes its realization have a little difficulty.

This method requires accurate location, (thus) making [ which makes] its realization somewhat difficult.

7) 共有M个多边形，其每个顶点数均为N。 There are M polygons in all, whose vertex number is all N.

There are M polygons in all [altogether], the number of vertexes of each of which is N [each of which has N vertexes]. 8) 对构件承载能力作了具体的分析。

The detailed analysis on the ability of bearing loads of the components is given.

A detailed analysis of the ability of the components to carry loads is made.

9) 这是由于在PN结上存在一个电容之故。

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This is due to that there exists a capacitance on the PN junction. This is due to the fact that there exists a capacitance across the PN junction. [This is due to the existence of a capacitance across the PN junction.]

10) 我们只需要测量这个元件上的电流和电压。

We need only to measure the current and voltage on this component. All we need to do is (to) measure the current through and the voltage across this component.

11) 同时给出了三轴稳定跟踪的数学描述及全补偿条件。 The mathematical description and the full-compensation condition of the 3-axes steady-tracking principle are also given.

A mathematical description of and the full-compensation condition for the 3-axis steady-tracking principle are also given. 12) 这位教授在研究和应用图像处理方面起了重要作用。 This professor played the important role in the research and application of image processing.

This professor has played a very important role in the research on and the application of image processing.

13) 最后提出了实现这种方法应注意的一些问题和解决办法。

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At last [In the end], we provided some problems that should be noted in implementing this method and solving ways.

Finally, some problems that deserve to be noted in implementing this method and their solutions are given.

14) 本文提出了估算多普勒调频率的一种新方法，其精度高、计算量少。

A new technique to estimate the Doppler frequency rate is proposed with high accuracy and low computation complexity.

A new technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.

15) 这个信号所包含的信息量比那个信号多三倍。

The information contained in [by] this signal is three times more than that signal.

The information contained in [by] this signal is four times more than that contained in [by] that signal.

This signal contains four times more information than that one (does).

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Unit 10 Nuclear Energy Part I EST Reading Reading 1

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

1. Do you think human beings should develop nuclear energy?

(Open)

2. Do you know about IAEA?

International Atomic Energy Agency.

3. 3. Can you introduce the nuclear power station in China?

(Open)

China has four reactors under construction and plans a nearly five-fold expansion by just 2020.

4. How many countries have got the nuclear power technology?

Of the 30 countries with nuclear power, the percentage of electricity supplied by nuclear ranged widely: from a high of 78 percent in France; to 54 percent in Belgium; 39 percent in Republic of Korea; 37

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percent in Switzerland; 30 percent in Japan; 19 percent in the USA; 16 percent in Russia; 4 percent in South Africa; and 2 percent in China.

5. Do you think nuclear power can replace regular energy like coal

and gasoline? Why?

(open)

Section C Post-reading Task

1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.

Part 1 (Para. 1) Brief introduction of IAEA

Para. 1: Brief introduction of the nuclear power today.

Part 2 (Paras. 2-7) The IAEA‘s two annual projections concerning the

growth of nuclear power, a low and a high.

Para. 2: the IAEA‘s low projection of the global nuclear capacity Para. 3: the IAEA´s high projection of the global nuclear capacity Para. 4: the introduction of the IAEA´s job

Para. 5: Nuclear power‘s share of worldwide electricity production Para. 6: The IAEA´s other key findings

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Para. 7: There operating nuclear reactors conditions all around the

world

Part 3 (Paras. 8-17) The introduction of the 30 countries with nuclear

power

Para. 8: the percentage of electricity supplied by nuclear power Para. 9: Present nuclear power plant expansion centered in Asia Para. 10: nuclear power condition of China Para. 11: nuclear power condition of Russia Para. 12: nuclear power condition of Japan Para. 13: nuclear power condition of South Korea Para. 14: nuclear power condition of Europe Para. 15: nuclear expansion elsewhere in the world

Para. 16: countries still pondering future plans on nuclear energy Para. 17: the nuclear power condition of the US

2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What does IAEA do?

Their job is not so much to predict the future but to prepare for it,

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explains the IAEA´s Alan McDonald, Nuclear Energy Analyst. 2) What is the probable global nuclear capacity in 2030? 679 GW(e)

3) How many operating nuclear reactors were there around the world?

There were 435 operating nuclear reactors around the world. 4) Which country has the highest percentage of electricity supplied by nuclear? 78 percent in France

5) Which continent has the fastest development of nuclear power nowadays?

Asia: 15 of the 29 units under construction at the end of 2006 were in Asia.

6) By 2020, how many nuclear reactors will China probably have? 100 reactors

7) Do you think nuclear power is the ―way out‖ for the energy crisis? （Open）

8) Why do you think so (or not)? （Open）

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3. Banked Cloze: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text.

Of the 30 countries with nuclear power, the percentage of electricity supplied by nuclear ranged widely. Present nuclear power plant expansion is centered in Asia: 15 of the 29 units under construction at the end of 2006 were in Asia. And 26 of the last 36 reactors to have been connected to the grid were in Asia. India currently gets less than 3% of its electricity from nuclear, but at the end of 2006 it had one-quarter of the nuclear construction - 7 of the world´s 29 reactors that were under construction. The prominence of nuclear power as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades. According to the IAEA‘s other key findings, at the end of 2006, there are 29 nuclear power plants elaborated. Though underway, India‘s plans are even more impressive: an 8-fold increase by 2022 to 10 percent of the electricity supply and a 75-fold increase by 2052 to reach 26 percent of the electricity supply. Many countries with nuclear power are still pondering the future plans. So it´s hardly unprecedented.

Vocabulary and Structure

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1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.

1) Nuclear power´s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades. 2) 1000 megawatts = 1 billion watts = 1 GW 3) There were 435 operating nuclear reactors around the world, and 29 more were under construction. 4) India‘s plans are even more impressive. 5) It‘s hardly unprecedented incident of the history. 6) The benefits outweigh the risks.

7) Certification Renewals shall be due on July 1 of the renewal year. 8) The cadets didn‘t need a laundry list of prohibitions. 9) Present nuclear power plant expansion is centered in Asia. 10) Japan had 55 reactors in operation.

2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.

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1) The medicare cost is estimated to be one billion dollars. 老年医疗保健费用估计为十亿美元。

2) I didn't understand it until he elaborated on the question. 在他详细解释之后我才明白这个问题。 3) Russia‘s fuel leasing policy is still under debating. 的资源租赁依然充满了争议。

4) It is impossible for all regions to develop at the same pace. 实现各个地区平均发展是不可能的。 5) He was pondering deeply over the matter. 他正在仔细思考这个问题。

6) Have they broken ground for the new railroad? 他们有没有开工建造那条铁路？ 7) His debts amount to over 1,000 dollars. 他负债总共超过1000美元。

8) Japan had 55 reactors in operation, one under construction. 日本有55个运转中的核反应堆，还有一个正在建设中。 9) Nuclear power‘s share of worldwide electricity production has held essentially constant in the 21 years since 1986.

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核电在世界发电总量中所占比重从1960年的不到百分之一增加到了1986年的16%，而在1986年之后21年中保持稳定。 10) All his hopes are centered in his daughter who just got into college.

他的全部希望都集中在他刚上大学的女儿身上。

3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a

complete sentence.

1) Nuclear power´s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades, according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

2) The low projection assumes that all nuclear capacity that is currently under construction or firmly in the development pipeline gets completed and attached to the grid.

3) In the IAEA´s high projection – which adds in additional reasonable and promising projects and plans – global nuclear capacity is estimated to rise to 679 GW(e) in 2030.

4) Nuclear power´s share of worldwide electricity production rose from less than 1 percent in 1960 to 16 percent in 1986, and that

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percentage has held essentially constant in the 21 years since 1986. 5) There´s a lot of discussion in Russia of becoming a full fuel-service provider, including services like leasing fuel, reprocessing spent fuel for countries that are interested, and even leasing reactors.

4. Directions: With the meaning intact, change the following compound sentences into non-finite ones.

1) The low projection assumes all nuclear capacity currently under construction or firmly in the development pipeline to get completed and attached to the grid.

2) In the IAEA´s high projection adding in additional reasonable and promising projects and plans, global nuclear capacity is estimated to rise to 679 GW(e) in 2030.

3) For China‘s growing fast this would still amount to only 4 percent of total electricity.

4) The UK, with 19 operating plants being relatively old, had been the most uncertain until recently.

5) On this basis, the Government´s preliminary view is to be in the public´s interest to give the private sector the option of investing in

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new nuclear power stations.

Discourse Understanding

Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about high-mileage black hole. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (1—5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. 1. D. 2. E. 3. A. 4. F. 5. B.

Reading 2

Section A Pre-reading Task

Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.

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1. Do you know about Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2? (open)

2. Can you introduce his special relativity theory?

The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, encompasses two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, the word \"relativity\" is sometimes used in reference to Galilean invariance. The term \"theory of relativity\" was based on the expression \"relative theory\" (German: Relativtheorie) used by Max Planck in 1906, who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity. In the discussion section of the same paper Alfred Bucherer used for the first time the expression \"theory of relativity\". 3. Do you know about the antimatter?

In particle physics, antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles. For example, a positron (the antiparticle of the electron) and an antiproton can form an antihydrogen atom in the same way that an electron and a proton form a normal matter hydrogen atom. Furthermore, mixing matter and antimatter can lead to the annihilation of both in the same way that mixing antiparticles and particles does, thus giving rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs.

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There is considerable speculation as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, whether there exist other places that are almost entirely antimatter instead, and what might be possible if antimatter could be harnessed. At this time, the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics. The process by which this asymmetry between particles and antiparticles developed is called baryogenesis. 4. What do you think can be the utilization of radiation? (open)

Section C Post-reading Task Reading and Understanding

1. Choose the best abstract of the passage. C.

2. Complete the sentences based on the text.

1) Kinematics is the study of motion without reference to mass or force, and it figures in a more elaborate form of Einstein's equation that also takes into account mass in motion. \"

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2) One application that draws on this larger equation, Gates says, is the giant neutrino detector now being built in Antarctica. 3) Einstein's equation also perfectly describes what's happening when we produce nuclear energy.

4) Einstein's equation even tells of what transpires at black holes, which can contain the mass of millions of stars.

5) The equation's legacy extends into realms well beyond the scientific.

6) It just laid bare the fact that all this stuff lying around us is potentially a tremendous reservoir of energy, almost beyond the imagination, if only we could devise ways to get at it.

7) He starts off with a beautiful piece of mathematics that's based on some very deep insights into the way the universe works and then, from that, makes predictions about what ought to happen in the world.

8) In the end, the equation's influence, on both scientific and sociological fronts, is indeed hard to separate from Einstein's influence as a whole. Language in Use

1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right

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column. 解释毫发无损的和…精确的符合难以置信的电磁辐射爱因斯坦的遗产超出想象的归功于星际旅行揭示

2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.

1) After all, the equation grew directly out of Einstein's work on special relativity, which is a subset of what most consider his greatest achievement, the theory of general relativity. But I'm going to give it a try nevertheless.

2) Einstein's formula also accounts for the heat in our planet's crust, which is kept warm by a steady barrage of E = mc2 conversions

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account for unscathed

in exact accordance with mind-boggling

electromagnetic radiation Einstein's legacy beyond the imagination owe much to space travel lay bare

occurring within unstable radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium.

3) When something is moving four times as fast as something else, it doesn't have four times the energy but rather 16 times the energy — in other words, that figure is squared.

4) Perhaps the equation's most far-reaching legacy is that it provides the key to understanding the most basic natural processes of the universe, from microscopic radioactivity to the big bang itself. 5) When two hydrogen atoms fuse to form a helium atom, the mass of the resulting helium is less than the two hydrogens, with the missing mass manifesting itself as fusion energy.

3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1) We humans don't see them that way — how can a beam of light and a walnut, say, be different forms of the same thing?

我们人类很难理解：比如说，一束光和一个核桃，只是同一种物质的不同形式？

2) Einstein believed that radium was constantly converting part of its mass to energy exactly as his equation specified.

爱因斯坦相信，镭元素就像他的公式说解释的一样，在不停

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的将自身质量转化为能量。

3) Today we know radioactivity to be a property possessed by some unstable elements, such as uranium, or isotopes, such as carbon 14, of spontaneously emitting energetic particles as their atomic nuclei disintegrate.

今天我们已经知道，一些不稳定元素，像铀或者其同位素，如碳14，都具有放射性的特质，在它们的原子核裂变的时候持续的放出高能量粒子。

4) We take advantage of that realization today in many technologies. PET scans and similar diagnostics used in hospitals, for example, make use of E = mc2.

我们今天的许多技术都受益于这项发现。例如PET扫描以及医院类似的诊断，都利用了E = mc2原理。

5) As part of the equation's legacy, we'll be using the ice of Antarctica to look at neutrinos and other objects coming from outer space. 作为这个公式的一个遗产，我们将使用南极洲的冰层来探测中微子以及其它外太空的物质。

4. Translate the sentences into English.

1) 我们很难将E = mc2与爱因斯坦的总体的遗产分开。

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It's difficult to separate the enormous legacy of E = mc2 from Einstein's legacy as a whole.

2) 在最基本的层面上，这个公式告诉我们能量与质量是可以互相转换的。

On the most basic level, the equation says that energy and mass (matter) are interchangeable.

3) 光速的平方即是决定一块核桃大小的物质能释放出多少能量的转换因子。

The speed of light squared is the conversion factor that decides just how much energy lies captured within a walnut or any other chunk of matter.

4) 也许这个公式最为影响深远的遗产就是它提供给了我们理解宇宙的关键。

Perhaps the equation's most far-reaching legacy is that it provides the key to understanding the most basic natural processes of the universe.

5) 爱因斯坦的公式同样也很好的描述了核能的利用。

Einstein's equation also perfectly describes what's happening when we produce nuclear energy.

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5. Write a summary of the reading passage with at least 150 words. (Open)

Part II EST Writing Strategy Section B Apply the Strategy

Step 1: Answer each question in 1 sentence. What is the author's reason for writing? l purpose What is the author's main idea? What is the author's focus in this piece? 2 scope Where does the author concentrate his/her attention? What kinds of evidence does the author provide? 3 methodHow does the author try to s convince the reader of the validity of his/her main idea? What are the consequences 4 results of the problem or issue that the author is discussing? What solutions does the author present to the reader to resolve the problem of 5 suggestioissue in the piece? ns Does the author recommend action or change in his/her piece? 6 Does the author describe a conclusio'cause and effect' Answer: to introduce acupuncture Answer: the acupuncture has a scientific background Answer: the medical analysis of acupuncture The effectiveness acupuncture of Answer: the modern medical research Answer: by the western scholars‘ statement of the medication arguments and researches Answer: the acupuncture is proved to be effective Answer: No Answer: No Answer: Yes 216

ns relationship or explain the origins of this issue or problem? Answer: By the arguments of What conclusions does the the research on acupuncture, author draw from his/her the author proved acupuncture study of the issue or to be harmless and effective problem? medical method.

Step 2: Join the sentences and make them coherent: (Open, answers may vary) 参考译文

针灸是一种很受大众欢迎的止痛替代方法，这种方法是把细细的金属针刺入你身体的某个特定穴位。2000多年前在中国首先开始使用针灸技术，1971年James Reston在纽约时报（the New York Times）上写了一篇关于针灸如何缓解疼痛的文章，这还是针灸首次在美国引起注意。中医与西医关于针灸治病原理上解释不尽相同，根据中国传统医学得知自然界的万物都有两股力量存在，即阴与阳，人体也不例外。阴的作用是被动的，阳是主动地。还有一种流动的能量称之为气，此气沿着经络在体内流动，每条经脉与一至多个脏器相对应，当气顺畅流动时阴与阳即保持平衡，身体处于健康状态；如果气流动受阻，就导致阴、阳失衡，引起疾病。可接受之气与人体经络上大约400个穴位相通，针灸穴位位于皮肤表层，为了保障气的顺畅流动，针灸治疗师会将细细的金属针以各种不同的方式、方法刺入穴位。

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西方的科学家对于针灸如何治病的原理有不同的解释，原理之一是：在针灸治疗过程中，中枢神经系统（脑和脊髓）会释放鸦片类物质。针灸还可以刺激脊神经引起神经递质的释放从而抑制疼痛，这原理被医学影像学研究所证实，研究显示针灸可以增加痛阈。另一个原理是：针灸可以促进治疗区域的血液循环，使血流速度加快从而为人体提供更多的营养物质、更快的带走有毒的废物。西方科学家还断定针刺穴位点是感受电磁信号的传导器，他们认为针刺可以刺激这些穴位而使电磁信号传播速度加快，这些信号将有助于具有麻醉作用的生化物质的运送，象内啡肽，即人体损伤后释放的一种物质。

根据美国国家健康机构（NIH）授权\"针灸学：国家健康机构（NIH）一致同意，特此声明。\"针灸能有效的治疗各种疾病。它能有效地缓解牙科手术后疼痛、成人手术后疼痛、由化疗导致的恶心和呕吐。它还能有效的治疗网球肘、药瘾、中风、痛经、骨关节炎、腰背痛、腕管综合征和哮喘。美国梅育医学院（Mayo Clinic）研究显示针灸能非常有效的缓解肌纤维疼痛，这项研究始于2006年。美国国家健康机构（NIH）也指出针灸的副作用与药物和手术相比对人体伤害很小。针灸是法律上允许的医疗方法越来越被大众所接受，一系列医学院校例如加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）在课程计划中安排有针灸实践课。1995年国家食品药品监督局把针灸针也纳入医疗仪器中，很多美国的保险公司也为针灸治疗中发生的某种情况而作全额保险。

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