▲ 动名词做宾语 1、 什么动词后面跟动名词,什么动词后跟不定式或两者都可以,完全是英语语言习惯,必须死记硬背。下列动词后只能用动名词。Mind介意, finish, enjoy, require, delay延误, postpone推迟, practice练习, avoid, consider, deny不承认, give up, put off推迟, advise, favor, encourage鼓励, imagine等。 2、 like, love, hate, begin, start等动词后即可用不定式也可以用动名词。它们之间的区别与做主语和表语时一样。有时界限并不十分明显,可以换用。 ● He doesn’t like seeing films.(泛指) ● He doesn’t like to see this film. 我不喜欢看这个电影。(具体) 3、 在下列动词后可以跟不定式,也可以跟动名词,但意思大不相同。 stop ● I stopped smoking last year. 去年我就不吸烟了。 ● Let’s stop to have cigarettes to calm our nerves. 我们停下来,吸支烟定定神儿。 help ● He can’t help crying. 他情不自禁哭起来。 ● I can’t help to clean the room. 我不能帮着打扫房间。 remember ● I don’t remember borrowing money from you. 我不记得向你借过钱。 ● Remember to close the window when you leave. 别忘了离开时把窗子关上。 forget ● I forget seeing him before. 我忘了我见过他。 ● Don’t forget to take the raincoat with you. 别忘了带着雨衣。 try ● We will try to win the match. 我们将努力打赢这场比赛。
● Try calling her again. She may come back. 试着再给她打个电话。她也许回来了。 regret ● I regret not studying English hard. 我后悔没有努力学英语。 (regret—懊悔,studying表示发生在谓语动作之前。) ● I regret to say I can’t go to see the film with you. 我很抱歉不能和你一起去看电影。 (regret—抱歉,to say是指现在。)
1.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. --Well, now I regret _______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 1.D regret doing sth (或 having done sth)=后悔做……。 Regret to do sth=抱歉或者遗憾做……。
该句用well表示转折。现在后悔了。所以要用D。 propose ● I propose to go there by air. 我打算坐飞机去。 (propose—打算,go there指自己去。)
● He proposes going there by air. 他建议坐飞机去。
(propose—建议;going there是泛指;不见得是他本人。)
在need, want, clean, require, to be worth等词后面跟动名词时,一般不用被动,用不定式需用被动。
as--尽管 as引导让步状语从句时,句子通常倒装。可与though互换 as--因为,通常放在句首。
情态动词
一、 “must do (be) ” must be doing”表示对现在情况的推测
“must have done (been)”表示对过去情况的推测。
二、 should/ought to “should/ought to have done (been).”表示过去应
该做而没有做
三、could “could have done(been)”表示过去时间里某个动作或某种情况本
来能发生,但事实上并未发生。
四、had better和would rather, would sooner.. than后都直接接动词原形。
would rather后跟从句时用一般过去时。
I’d rather you gave me nothing. 注意:had better =’d better; would rather=’d rather; would sooner=’d sooner
In fact, I would rather watch TV at home than see films .
注意:would rather与Rather than的区别, rather than前面是什么样的动词
形式后面相同
● If English study is to contribute to your future competence 能力
rather than to show up , it should be learnt systematically.
五、May置于句首表示祝愿●May you both be happy!祝二位幸福!
区别动词后的是不定式符号,还是介词
be accustomed to(习惯),adapt to (适于),attend to (专心,),confess to(承认),devote to (献身),object to (反对),be opposed to(反对),look forward to(盼望)be used to (习惯),[used to do注意区别] ⑴ spend…(in) doing表示:“花费”。例如:
⑵ have接“逆境”“顺境”的词,其后的in常省略而继续接动名词。 have difficult (trouble a hard time)(in) + doing 区别:have sth to do
下列的惯用语中要用动名词
cannot help doing(=cannot but do)“禁不住”
It is no use doing…(=It is of no use to do…)“无用”
be worth doing“值得” be busy doing“忙于”
feel like doing “想要” What (or how) about doing...“如何”
It goes without saying that…“用不着说
主语与谓语动词的一致
⑴ 当复数主语当作“单一的数量”看时,谓语用单数形式;否则用复数。
●The thousand dollars is a big sum.
●Two thousand dollars are divided among them ●Three years is too long a period to wait.
⑵名词physics物理、身体,maths数学, economics, politics政治, news(新闻),means(方法),works(工厂),measles[医]麻疹等一般被认为形式是复数,意思是单数的名词,它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。
⑶集合名词family, committee委员会, club, team团队, government, audience听众, 观众等,代表集合体时一般用单数谓语;代表集合体的组成分子时用复数谓语。
●The committee does not meet today. ●The committee are at dinner. ●His family is not large. ●His family are five
⑷ a person of, many a person , a series of 系列,a kind of ,a pair of 一双等用来修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数。
⑸ half, part, majority(大多数)以及百分比或分数词修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。
●Half of students have gone to the countryside 半数学生去了农村。 ●Half of our work is done.
我们干了一半活。
●Two-thirds of steel has been used up to now. 到目前为止,已经用了三分之二的钢材。
●The majority of these birds fly to the south for winter. 大多数鸟飞到南方过冬了
●The majority of the homework is useful. 大多数作业是有用的。
⑹ 当主语是a number of+复数名词时,谓语动词用复数;当主语是the number of+名词时,谓语动词用单数。
⑺主语前有many a (许多),more than one(不止一个)修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
⑻ either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also… 连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与后一个名词一致。即与or, nor, but also后的名词一致。
⑾ 动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。当有两个或两个以上用复数形式。
⑿ “the+形容词”表示人时,谓语动词用复数形式;表示抽象名词时,谓语
动词用单数。
(一人身兼两个之位,用一个the,用单数)
倒装
一、句首是以下副词或短语时需倒装:out, up, here, there, down, off, often,
many, a time 二、“only +状语(副词或介词短语或从句)起首的句子”
三、句首含有否定副词短语时需要倒装:hardly, little, scarcely几乎不, seldom, never, rarely, at no time(在任何时候都不),in no sense(一点也不),not until…, no sooner… than, hardly (scarcely)… when…, not only…but also…,.
四、so, neither和nor置于句首,句子要倒装。Nor和neither可以互换。 注意和下句比较:(是否倒装看两个主语是否一致)
Are you a student ? —So am I. — It is cold today. — So it is. 今天天冷。是很冷。
表示前种情况也适用于后种情况时用倒装。若当so引出的句子是对上文的内容加以证实或肯定时,则不用倒装。
五、as引导的让步状语从句as引导的让步状语从句中使用倒装句。 ●Old as he is , he still works in the field.
六、if 引导的虚拟条件句中包含should, had , were.
if引导的虚拟条件句中如果包含should, had , were,则可将if省略而将这些助动词提到主语之前,构成倒装句。
强调句
一、强调的基本形式
It is (was)+被强调部分+ that(who)…考生运用这一结构时要注意以下几点:
⑴主句的谓语只能是is或was。
⑵当被强调部分是句子的主语,且主语是人时才能用who,其它用that。 ⑶强调结构中的连词that或who都不能省略。
⑷当强调until引导的从句时要将until原对应主句中的not提到until之前,即变成强调句型后,that引导的从句要用肯定句。
●It was not until she arrived in class that she realized she had forgotten her book.
直到她进了教室,她才意识到她忘了带书。
⑸强调结构不能强调谓语。
附加疑问句强调句
一、 附加疑问句的构成
附加疑问句由两部分构成:陈述句+附加句。一般的规则是:前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定
二、陈述句部分有表示否定的副词
若陈述句部分已有表示否定的hardly, scarcely, never, seldom等词时,附加问句部分要用肯定。
三、祈使句的附加问句
⑴祈使句的附加问句一般用“will you”。例如: ⑵let us或let me表示请求许可时,反意疑问部分用will you?let’s表示建议,反意疑问部分用“shall we”。
●Please let us have more time, will you? ●Let’s go home, shall we?
祈使句中除了let’s。开头的句子,其反意问句用shall we?外,其他的都有will you?
四、宾语从句的附加问句
当suppose, think, believe, expect,等动词后接宾语从句,且主句的主语是第一人称时,句末的附加疑问句部分与宾语从句部分一致。即宾语从句是肯定,附加问句用否定;宾语从句是否定,附加问句就用肯定。 ●I suppose you’re not serious, are you?
虚拟语气动词时态变化的规则
虚拟语气是将句子动词原本应该使用的时态向后退一步,以表示该句与事实相反。后退的方法如下:
现在时────退──过去时 现在完成时──退──过去完成时 过去时────退──过去完成时 一般将来时──退──过去将来时 过去将来时──退──过去将来完成时
注:在虚拟语气中不用was,所有人称都用were。
用介词短语表示虚拟条件。 虚拟句Without your help, we would not be able to finish the work in time. 虚拟句But for his good education, he would not have got the job. 在if only, wish, as if(as though)后的句子用虚拟。 虚拟句If only this rain would stop! 如果雨会停就好了。 虚拟句I wish the semester were over now. 注:wish后的从句可以用were也可以用was 虚拟句He treats me as if I were a child. 他对我就像我是个孩子似的。 虚拟句是指在一定的上下文中,不需要条件句、介词短语、if only等,虚拟句也可以使用。 虚拟句It would be wrong to say so. 要是那样讲就错了。(不会那样讲) 虚拟句Only a fool would trust him. 只有傻子才会信任他。(不会有人相信他) It is(high)time that句子中that从句动词用虚拟 虚拟句It is time we were off. 到了该走的时间了。 would rather后跟从句时用一般过去时。 I’d rather you gave me nothing. ▲ 在某些宾语从句,主语从句和条件状语从句中虚拟的用法(should)
do(be)
▲ 在suggest, propose, demand, inquire, request, desire想望, 期望, insist, order, advise, agree , urgen等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后的宾语从句中。英国英语用should +原形动词,美国英语省略 “should”用原形动词 ▲ 在It is important, impossible, strange, vital至关重要的,
natural, essential必需的;基本的, desirable值得要的, preferable更好的, advisable可取的, appropriate适当的, surprising, sad, urgent, suggested, necessary, requested, ordered,+that…句型中,主语从句在英国英语中用should +原形动词。在美国英语中省略should直接用原形。
在for fear that(以防……起见)引导的条件句中用法同上。
在unless, when, so(as) long as,suppose, in case, on condition lest(以免)引导的条件状语从句中也可用虚拟语气,用法同上。 ● It is necessary that he(should)come on time to attend the meeting.
他按时来出席会议是必要的。
▲ 在think, expect, believe, 是否定形式时,宾语从句可用虚拟语气:
should +动词原形,should不可省。
● She said she never expected I should lend money to her.
▲ suggestion, proposal, request, advice, order, command 等表示建
议、命令、要求等的名词后面的表语从句中,用should+动词原形,表示虚拟,should常常省略。
动名词做宾语
3、 什么动词后面跟动名词,什么动词后跟不定式或两者都可以,完全是英语
语言习惯,必须死记硬背。下列动词后只能用动名词。mind, finish, enjoy, require要求, delay, 延期, postpone推迟, practice练习, avoid 避免, consider考虑, deny否认, give up, put off, advise 建议, favor 喜爱, encourage鼓励, imagine想象 appreciate 感激等。
在下列动词后可以跟不定式,也可以跟动名词,但意思大不相同。 ● I stopped smoking last year.去年我就不吸烟了。 ● Let’s stop to have cigarettes to calm our nerves.我们停下来,吸支烟定定神儿。 ● He can’t help crying.他情不自禁哭起来。 ● I can’t help to clean the room.我不能帮着打扫房间。
● I don’t remember borrowing money from you. 我不记得向你借过钱。 ● Remember to close the window when you leave. 别忘了离开时把窗子关上。
● I forget seeing him before.我忘了我见过他。
● Don’t forget to take the raincoat with you. 别忘了带着雨衣。 ● We will try to win the match.我们将努力打赢这场比赛。
● Try calling her again. She may come back.试着再给她打个电话。她也许回来了。
● I regret not studying English hard. 我后悔没有努力学英语。(regret—懊悔,studying表示发生在谓语动作之前。)● I regret to say I can’t go to see the film with you.我很抱歉不能和你一起去看电影。(regret—抱歉,to say是指现在。) 在need, want, clean, require, to be worth等词后面跟动名词时,不用被动,用不定式需用被动。 3. 动词不定式做宾语后面跟补语时的用法。 ●He made it a rule not to allow speaking Chinese in the class. 他规定在课上不许说中文。 He considers it very important for his students to study English grammar. 注:不定式做宾语,后面带补语时须后置,用it做形式宾语。可以用于这种结构的动词有think, consider, feel, find, choose选择, imagine想象, 设想, judge判断性, declare , 宣布, 宣告, 声明, prove证明, 证实, report, select选择, 挑选, understand等。
动词不定式做宾语补语
在感官动词和一些表示让某人做某事的动词后应省略不定式的to。可以用于这种结构的动词有feel, hear, notice, see, watch, have, help, let, make等。
feel, hear, notice, see, watch,也可跟doing 注:当不定式做主语补语时to不可省。 ●He has never been heard to sing the song.
分词的构成
现在分词──动词原形+ing 过去分词──动词原形+ed(部分分词有不规则变化)
现在分词通常含有主动和进行。过去分词含有被动和完成两个概念。
定语从句
▲ 必须使用关系代词that的几种情况
1、 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 ● This is the worst book that I have read. 2、 先行词是all, everything, nothing, something等不定代词 当先行词被only, any, no, very, little或序数词修饰时。
注:上面3种情况不能使用who, whom, which等关系代词。当that在从句中做宾语时,可以省略。
4. 在一些抽象名词如:way idea ……… 5. ▲ 必须使用关系代词which, who whom的几种情况 -----------------介词后与
非限定定语从句
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